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A GUIDE

TO THE

EXHIBITION GALLE HIES

v

OF THE DEPARTMENT OF

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),

gjuA'.

CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W.

PART II.

fossil reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates.

With 94 Illustrations and 1 Plan.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF 7T1F.

TRUSTEES.

1890.

Phice Sixpence.

PRESENTED

£1k Eutsieeo

HIMTISIJ MUSEUM.

DUPLICATE

Df$PO$i-0 or 3 Y

MIJS ' CDh,r ■ 2CUL LlbftASy

Em t Hw: • ibi ;\f y

. iratlve Zoology

Harvard University
26 Oxford St

CstnbridQ8» WA 0213S

I

*

C-,

*

-

.

A GUIDE

©

TO TIIE

EXHIBITION GALLERIES

OF THE DEPARTMENT OF

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),

-- - J

CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W.

Part II. — Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1890.

C 44>SA

' 4 /* *

LONDON :

HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY',

ST. martin’s LANE.

Ill

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(PART II.)

Table op Contents .

List of Illustrations .

Preface .....

Table of Stratified Eocks .

Introduction ....

Class 3.— EEPTILIA .

Order I. Pterosaeria (Winged Lizards) .

„ II. Ckocodilia (Crocodiles)

,, III. Dinosauria (Huge Lizards)

Sub-order 1. Saeropoda (Lizard-footed)

„ „ 2. Theropoda (Beast-footed)

,, ,, 3. Ornithopoda (Bird-footed)* .

Order IY. Squamata (Scale-covered Eeptiles)

Sub-order 1. Ophidia (Serpents)

„ „ 2. Lacertilia ....

„ ,, 3. Pythonomorpha

Order Y. Ehynchocephalia (Beak-lieaded Lizards)

„ YI. Proterosauria .....

,, YII. Ichthyosaeria (Ichthyosaurus) Fish-lizards
„ YIII. Chelonia (Tortoises, Turtles)

,, IX. Saeropterygia (Plesiosaurus), etc.

„ X. Placodontia (Plate-toothed)

,, XI. Anomodontia (Irregular -toothed)

Sub-order 1. Procolophonia
„ ,, 2. Dicynodontia (Double dog-toothed)

„ ,, 3. Theriodontia

,, „ 4. Pariasaeria .

Order I.

II.

III.

33

33

Order I.

„ II.

„ III.
„ IV.
„ Y.

Class I.

II.

III.
IY.

33

33

^3

Class 4.— AMPHIBIA .

Ecaedata (Tail-less) Frogs and Toads .

Caedata (Tailed Amphibia) Salamanders, &c.
Labyrinthodontia (all fossil forms)

Class 5.— PISCES (Fishes)

Plagiostomi

ClIIM J5ROIDEI

Dipnoi
G-anoidei
Teleostei

INYEKTEBEATA.

Sub-Kingdom.— MOLLUSCA.

Division A. — MOLLL’SCA (proper).

Cephalopoda

Pteropoda

CrASTEROPODA .......

Lamellibranchiata

* This includes also the Stegosaeria (or plated lizards).

/ 2

PAGES

iii, iv
v-viii
ix
x

xi, xii

1-61

1-4

4-8

8-24

9

13

17

24

25
25
27
29
31

n

3S

45

53

54
54
54
56
60

61

62

63

61

72-75

72

73

74

74

75

75

77

77

78

IV

TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

Class V.

„ YI.

Division 13. — MOLLL SCOIDA.
Bkachiopoda

POLYZOA ......

Sub-Kingdom. — ANXULOSA.
Division A. — ARTHROPOD A.

Class VII.

„ VIII.

» ix.

.. x.

Insecta
Myriapoda
Arachnida .
Crustacea .

Division B — ANAKTIIEOPODA.
Class XI. Annelida ......

Sub-Kingdom

— E C HINODERM ATA .

Class XIT.

y 3

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

X VII.
XVIII.

Echinoidea
Asteroid ea
Ophioeoidea
IIolothu roidea
Crinoidea
Cystoidea .
Blastoidea

PAGES

78

79

79

79

79

80

SO

80

81

81

82

8L

81

8L

Class XIX.
„ XX.

Class XXI.

Sub-Kingdom.— CCELENTERATA.

Actinozoa

IIydrozoa ......

S ub -Kingdom .—PORI FE R A .
Spongida

S ub-Kingdom . — PRO TOZ 0 A .

Class XXII. Radiolarta

,, XXIII. Eoraminipera .

Plantae

Type Collections .
Stratigrapiiical Series .
Ichnites (Foot-prints)
Explanation of Plan
Folding Plan facing Page .

Index

List of Catalogles and Glides

82

85

86

88

89

. 90-92

92

98

98

. 101
102
103-109
110-112

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pagfj

.tf IG. 1. — Restoration of Rhamphorhynchus Mu ensteri (Goldfuss), (after

Marsh), Lithographic stone, Eichstadt, Bavaria .. .. 1

,, 2. — Skeleton of Pterodactylus spectabilis (Meyer), Lithographic

stone, Eichstadt, Bavaria . . . . . . . . . . 2

„ 3. — Skeleton of Pterodactylus antiques (Sommerring), Lithogra-
phic stone, Eichstadt, Bavaria . . .. .. .. .. 3

„ 4. — Profile of sknll of Fteranodon longiceps (Marsh), Cretaceous,

.North America .. .. .. .... .. .. .. 3

,, 5. — Skeleton of Dimorphodon macronyx (Owen), Lower Lias,

Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire . . . . . . . . . . 4

,, 6. — Three views of skull of Crocodilus palustris (Lesson), Pleisto-
cene, Narbada Yalley, India .. .. .. .. .. 5

,, 7. — Skull of Crocodilus Spenceri (Buckland), London Clay,

Sheppey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

,, 8. — Three views of skull of Belodon Kapffii (Meyer), Upper

Trias, W urtemberg . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

,, 9. — Tapper view of skull of Steneosaurus Heberti (E. Geoffroy),

Lower Oxfordian, Normandy .. .. .. .. 7

,, 10. — Tooth of Dacosaurus maximus (Plieninger), Kimmeridge

Clay, Ely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

„ 11. — Lateral view of skull of Pelagosaurus typus (Bronn), Upper

Lias, Normandy ; . .. .. .. .. .. .. 8

,, 12. — Skull of Diplodocus longus (Marsh), LTpper Jurassic, Colorado,

North America . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 9

„ 13. — Restoration of Brontosaurus excels us (Marsh), Jurassic,

Colorado, North America .. .. .. .. .. 11

14. — Three views of tooth of Hoplosaurus armatus (Gervais),

Wealden, Isle of Wight. . .. .. .. .. .. 12

j( 15. — Left side of pelvis of Allosaurus fragilis (Marsh), Upper

Jurassic, North America .. .. .. .. .. 13

16. — Restoration of Megalosaurus BucJclandi (Meyer), Great

Oolite, Stonesfield .. .. .. .. .. .. 14

17. — Skull of Ceraiosaurus nasicornis (Marsh), Upper Jurassic,

North America •• •• •• •• •• •• • . lo

j5 18. — A, B, C, Teeth of JEpicampodon indicus (Huxley), U. Trias,
India; I), Tooth of Theeodontosaurus platyodon (R. & S.),
Upper Trias, Bristol .. .. .. .. .. .. 16

19 . — Pelvic girdles and limbs of Stegosaurus ungulatus (Marsh),

Upper Jurassic, Colorado .. .. .. .. .. 17

j5 20. — Skull of Stegosaurus slenops (Marsh), Upper Jurassic,
Colorado •• . • •• • • • • • . ••

* 3

• •

13

VI

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig. 21 —

» 22 .-

„ 23.—

„ 24.-
» 25.-

„ 26.—
„ 27

„ 28.-

„ 29.—

„ 30.-
„ 31,

„ 32,

„ 33.

„ 34.

,, 35.

„ 36.

Page

Upper tooth of Scelidosaurus Harrisoni (Owen), Lower Lias,
Cliarmouth

Skeleton of Scelidosaurus Harrisoni (Owen), Lower Lias,
Cliarmouth

Restored skeleton of Iguanodon Bernissartensis (Boulenger),
Wealden, Bernissart

Teeth of Iguanodon, Wealden, Isle of Wight ..

Vertebra of Iguanodon Bernissartensis (Boulenger) Wealden,

Isle of W ight

Tooth of Iguanodon, Wealden, Isle of Wight . .

Lateral view of skull of Iguanodon Bernissartensis (Boulenger),
Wealden, Bernissart

A and B, two views of tooth of Trachodon Cantab rigiensis
(Lydekker), Greensand, Cambridge; C, tooth of T. Foulki
(Lei dy), Cretaceous New Jersey

Vertebrae of Palceophis typhceus (Owen), Lower Eocene,
Sheppey . « .. .. .. •• •• • • ••

Vertebra of Balergx rhombifer (Owen), Eocene, Caylux

Left dentary of Anguoid Lizard, Eocene, Caylux

Jaw and vertebra of Varanus bengalensis (Daudin), Pleistocene,
Madras • • . . ■ . .. > < •• • • • •

Limb of Plaieearpus, sp. Cretaceous, North America. .

Cranium of Platecarpus curiirostris (Cope), Upper Cretaceous,
North America . .

•Tooth of Liodon , sp., U. Cretaceous, Maestricht

Skull of Mosasaurus Camperi (Meyer), Upper Cretaceous,

M aestricht . . . . . . . . . . • • . . 29

19

19

21

21

22

22

23

24

25

25

26

26

97

28

28

37. — Skidl of Hyperodapedon Gordoni (Iluxley), Triassic Sand-

stone, Scotland .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 30

38. — Skull of Ichthyosaurus communis (Conybeare), Lower Lias,

Lyme Regis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

39. — Centrum of vertebra of Ichthyosaurus trigonus (Owen),

Kimmeridge Clay, Stanton .. .. .. .. ..32

40. — Centrum of vertebra of Ichthyosaurus entheciodon (Hulke),

Kimmeridge Clay, Wilts .. .. .. •• .. 32

41. — Skull of Ichthyosaurus latifrons (Ivonig), Lower Lias, Barrow-

ou-Soar .. .. •• •• •* •• * * • • 33

42. — Two views of skull of Ichthyosaurus Zeilandicus (Seeley),

U pper Lias, N ormandy .. .. .. .. .. .. 33

43. — Skeleton of Ichthyosaurus, Lias, Lyme Eegis .. .. .. 34

44. — Tooth of Ichthyosaurus ptatyooon (Conybeare) ; tooth of

Ichthyosaurus communis (Conybeare), both Lower Lias,
Lyme Regis . . . . . . . • • • . . . . 35

, 45. — Left pectoral limb of Ichthyosaurus Conybeari (Lydekker) ;

left pectoral limb of Ichthyosaurus communis (Conybeare),
Lower Lias, Lyme Regis . . . . . . . . . . 36

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Til

Page

Fig. 46. — Pectoral and pelvic limbs of Ichthyosaurus intermedins (Cony-

beare), Lower Lias, Lyme Regis .. .. .. .. 37

,, 47. — Carapace of Trionyx Oergensi (Meyer), Lower Miocene,

Mayence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

,, 48.- — Carapace of HardeUa thurgi (Gray), Pliocene, Siwalik Ilills,

India . , .. «. .. . . .. . • .« 30

,, 49. — Plastron of Cachuga tectum (Gray), Pliocene, Siwalik Hills,

India «. «. , , •* a. a . a * aa 30

,, 50. — Cranium of Fhinochelys cantabrigiensis (Lydekker), Green-
sand, Cambridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

„ 51. — Cranium and mandible of Argillochelgs antiqua (Eonig),

London Clay, Sbeppey .. .. .. .. .. .. 40

,, 52. — Carapace of Nicoria tricarinata, var. sivalensis (Lydekker),

Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India .. .. .. .. ..40

,, 53. — Plastron of Fleur osternum FullocJci (Owen), Purbeck, Swan-

age, Dorset a. a. .. a. .. a. ..40

,, 54. — Two views of cranium of Argillochelgs cuneiceps (Owen),

London Clay, Sbeppey . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

,, 55. — Carapace of Plesiochelys valdensis (Lydekker), Wealden, Isle

of Wight . . . a a a . . a . . a a . . . 41

,, 56. — Carapace of Flatyehelys oberndorferi (Wagner), Lithographic

stone, Bavaria .. .. .. .. .. .. ..42

,, 57. — Carapace of Chelone (?) Fenstedi (Mantell), Lower Chalk,

Burham, Kent .. .. .. .. .. .. ..43

,, 58.— Skull and tail-sheath of Miolania Oiceni (A. S. Woodw.)

Hewer Tertiary, Australia .. .. .. .. .. 43

,, 59. — Skeleton of Thcilassochelys caretia (Linn.) .. .. .. 44

„ 60. — Fragment of carapace of Psephoderma alpinum (Meyer),

Trias, Bavaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

,, 61. — Vertebra of Cimoliosaurus Fichardsoni (Lydekker), Oxford

Clay, Weymouth. . .. .. .. .. .. ..46

,, 62. — Pectoral girdle of Flesiosaurus Baioldnsii (Owen), Lower Lias,

Street, Somerset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

„ 63. — Sauropterygian mandibles, Feloneustes Thaumatosaurus , and

Flesiosaurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

,, 64. — Tooth of Folyptychodon interrvptus (Owen), Greensand,

Cambridge .. .. .. .. .. .. ..48

,, 65. — Tooth of Feloneustes philarchus (Seeley), Oxford Clay, Bedford 48

,, 66. — Vertebra of Flesiosaurus HawTcinsii (Owen), Lower Lias, Lyme

Regis . a a a a a - . . a a a a a a . 48

,, 67. — Skeleton of Plesiosaurus, Lias, Lyme Regis .. .. .. 49

,, 68. — Skeleton of Lariosaurus Falsami (Curioni), Muschelkalk,

Perleclo, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

,, 69. — Cranium of Nothosaurus mirabilis (Munster), Muschelkalk,

Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

70. — Profile of the skull of Nothosaurus mirabilis (Munster),

Muschelkalk, Germany .. .. .. .. .. .. 51

via

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

Pig. 71. — Left pectoral limb of Mesosaurus tenuidens (Gervais), Irias,
South Africa

„ 72.-
„ 73.-

„ 74.-
,, 75.-

,, 76.-

„ 77.-

» 78.-

,, 79.-

„ SO,

„ 81,
„ 82.

„ 83,
„ 84.

52

,, 8o.
„ 86 .
„ 87
„ 88 ,
» 89
„ 90.
„ 91.

-Humerus of Conchiosaurus, sp. ..

—Two views of cranium of Cywmodus ( [Placodus ) laticeps
(Owen), Muschelkalk, Baireutli .. •• •• ••

-Cranium of Dicynodon, sp., Karoo series, Cape of Good Hope 55

-Skulls of Dicynodon laeertic.eps (Owen), and Oudenodon Baini
(Owen), Karoo series, Cape of Good Hope .. •• •• 5(3

-Vertebra of Tapinocephalus Atherstonei (Owen), Karoo beds,
South Africa . . . . . • • • • • • • °7

-Skull of Gaiesanrus planiceps (Owen), Karoo beds, South
Africa . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • •

-A dorsal vertebra of Naosaurus claviger (Cope), Permian,
Texas . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • °8

—Cranium of JElurosaurus felinus (Owen), Karoo beds, South
Africa . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • 58

—Palatal aspect of cranium of Emp edict, $ molaris (Cope),
Permian, Texas, North America • • • • • • • • 59

—Tooth of Empedias molaris (Cope), Permian, North America 60

—Tooth of Deuterosaurus biarmicus (Eicliwald), Upper Permian,

Russia . . . . • • • • • • - * • * . . 60

—Fossil Salamander, Oeningen, Megalobatrachus .. .. 63

—Frontal aspect of cranium of Mastodonsaurus giganteus ,

(Jiiger), Lower Keupcr, Wurtemberg 64

— Palatal aspect of cranium of Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Jiiger)

Lower Keuper, V iirtemberg . . . . • • • • • • 64

— Frontal aspect of cranium of Capitosaurus robustus (Meyer),

Lower Keuper, Wurtemberg . . . . . . . • . . 65

, — Frontal aspect of cranium of Metopias diagnostics (Meyer),

Lower Keuper, Wurtemberg .. .. .. •• ..65

— Frontal aspect of cranium of Loxomma Allmani (Huxley),

Carboniferous, Northumberland . . . . . . 66

. Frontal aspect of skull of Bothriceps Euxleyi (Lydekker),

Karoo beds, South Africa . . . . . . • • • • 67

Scutes and cranium of Cricotus heteroclitus (Cope), Permian,

Texas .. •• •• •• •• •• •• • • 68

— Frontal aspect of skull of Archcegosaurus Decheni (Goldfuss),

Lower Permian, Saarbriick . . . . . . . . . . 69

92. Vertebra of Euchirosaurus Itochei (Gaudry), Lower Permian,

France . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . . 69

93 Frontal aspect of cranium of Actinodon latirostris (Jordan,

sp.), Permian, Saarbriick .. .. .. .. •• 70

94. Footprints of Chirosaurus Barthi, Bunter Sandstone, Germany 99

PREFACE.

The First Edition of this Guide was issued, without
illustrations, on the 19th April, 1881 ; the second in 1882,
illustrated with thirty -one- wood engravings ; a third, slightly
altered, appeared in 1884. A fourth Edition, almost wholly
re-written, with many fresh illustrations, appeared in 1886,
and a fifth, with only a few alterations, in 1888. Of these
five editions, altogether 15,000 copies have been issued.

The publication of Mr. R. Lydekker’s Museum Catalogues
of the “ Fossil Mammalia,” Parts I-Y. (1885-87), and the
“ Reptilia and Amphibia,” Parts I-IY. (1888-90), has com-
pelled the re-arrangement of a great part of these Collections,
and also changed the plan of the Guide. Much additional
information is given in this Edition, and the illustrations have
been increased from forty-nine to two hundred and eleven. It
has therefore been found necessary to subdivide it into two
jiarts, each of which is larger than the former Guide.

The writer is largely indebted to the authors of Nicholson’s
and Lydekker’s “Palaeontology” (Yol. II., “ Yertebrata,” by
R. Lydekker), from which numerous notes and extracts have
been made in the compilation of this Guide, as well as to Mr.
Lydekker, for much personal help. The Director, Professor
Flower, has kindly read the sheets and made valuable sug-
gestions and emendations. The Members of the Staff of the
Department have also obligingly assisted in the work.

Department of Geology,
10th April, 1890.

HENRY WOODWARD.

PRIMARY OR PALAEOZOIC. SECONDARY OR MESOZOIC. CAINOZOIC.

TABLE OF STRATIFIED ROCKS.

CO

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©

SYSTEMS.

RECENT

PLEISTOCENE

(250 ft.)

r

PLIOCENE

(100 ft.)

MIOCENE

(125 ft.)

EOCENE

(2,000 ft.)

CRETACEOUS

(7,000 ft.)

NEOCOMIAN

JURASSIC

(3,000 ft.)

TRIASSIC

(3,000 ft.)

PERMIAN or
DYAS

(500 to 3,000 ft.)

CARBONIFEROUS

(12,000 ft.) (

DEVONIAN & OLD (
RED SANDSTONE

(5,000 to 10,000 ft.)

SILURIAN

(3,000 to 5,000 ft.)

ORDOVICIAN

(5,000 to 8,000 ft.)

CAMBRIAN

(20,000 to 30,000 ft.)

EOZOIC—

ARCHAEAN

(30,000 ft.)

FORMATIONS.

Terrestrial, Alluvial, Estuarine,
Marine Beds of Historic,
Bronze, and Neolithic Ages
Peat, Alluvium, Loess
Valley Gravels, Brickeartlis
Cave-deposits
Raised Beaches
Palaeolithic Age
Boulder Clay and Gravels

LIFE- PERIODS.

and

Iron,

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Norfolk Forest-bed Series
Norwich and Red Crags
Coralline Crag (l)iestian)

(Eningen Beds Freshwater, &c.

Fluvio-marine Series (Oligocene)

Bagshot Beds I (Nummulitic Beds)
London Tertianes J ' '

Maestricht Beds
Chalk

Upper Greensand
Gault

Lower Greensand
Wealden

Purbeck Beds
Portland Beds

Kimmeridge Clay (Solenhofen Beds)

Corallian Beds

Oxford Clay

Great Oolite Series

Inferior Oolite Series

Lias

Rhaetic Beds
Iveuper
Muschelkalk
Bunter

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Red Sandstone, Marl )

Magnesian Limestone, &c. j
Red Sandstone and Conglomerate
Rothliegende

Zechstein

Coal Measures and Millstone Grit
Carboniferous Limestone Series

Upper Old Red Sandstone
Devonian

Lower Old Red Sandstone

Ludlow Series

W'enlock Series

Llandovery Series

May Hill Series

Bala and Cara doc Series

Llandeilo Series

Llanvirn Series

Arenig and Skiddaw Series

Tremadoc Slates

Lingula Flags

Menevian Series

Harlech and Longmynd Series

Pebidian, Arvonian, and Dimetian
Huronian and Laurentian

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DEPARTMENT OF

GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION.

Nearly every city has within its bounds some relics of earlier
times, when a more ancient people occupied the same spot.

Thus below modern London we find various layers of
accumulated soil, each marked by tokens of former times.
In one we find the charred relics of the wooden buildings
which preceded the more modern brick and stone houses ; be-
neath this are found weapons, coins, and pottery, telling of
Norman and Saxon times. More than 20 feet down we come
upon the relic-bed of Roman London, and in some parts two
Roman periods have been recognised with remains of buildings
at different depths. At a still lower level, along the course of
the ancient Wall-brook, remnants of pile-dwellings have been
discovered, which were probably occupied by an earlier British
race.

In the ancient gravels of the Thames Valley, both beneath
and around London, stone implements, left by a yet earlier
people, have been frequently met with, associated with bones
and teeth of the Mammoth.

If in a similar manner we investigate those larger layers of
Chalk and Limestone, Sandstone, Clay, or Slate, composing the
Earth’s crust, we not only find that they rest upon one another,
so that we can judge of their relative age by the order of their
superposition, but that, like the layers of soil below London,
they are often full of relics which tell of the former inhabitants
that lived, flourished, and died out, to be succeeded by another
race which have in their turn shared the same fate.

XU

INTRODUCTION.

Geology deals with the Earth, the composition of the various
strata, or layers, of which it consists, their present and foimei
extent, and the physical conditions under which they were
deposited, and the changes they have since undergone.

Palaeontology deals with the remains of ancient life found
in the various layers, and strives, by comparison with living
forms, to restore the successive faunas and floras which have
passed away, and to trace by those relics their past dis-
tribution, and thus to show the evolution of life on the earth
from the earliest times to our own.

So many good boohs on Geolog’y and Palaeontology lia\ e
been published * that it is not necessary to give in such a guide-
book as the present a treatise on the science, but merely to
explain that the Vertebrata in the Galleries are arranged
according to their zoological classes, orders, and families (so far
as these can be ascertained) ; and upon the label to each is
placed its name, its geological position, and the locality whence
it was derived. In the Invertebrata and Plants each class is
also grouped chronologically in order, from the latest deposits

to the earliest in which it occurs.

Whenever a specimen lias been figured and described in a
scientific work, a green disk is affixed to it, and a reference is
given to the author, and to the name and date of the work
where it was published.

Explanatory labels and illustrations have been introduced in
many instances, to afford fuller information to visitors respecting
the objects exhibited.

The plan, facing p. 102, will serve to show the general arrange-
ment of the cases and their contents. The small Table of
Strata, on p. x, is given to indicate the range in time of the
o-reat groups of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Pishes, Invertebrates,

and Plants.

H. W.

* See specially “Manual of Palaeontology,” by Prof. IT. Alleyne
Nicholson and K, Lydekker, in 2 yols. (3rd Edition). Wm. Blackwood and
Sons, Edinburgh and London. 1889.

GUIDE TO THE DEPARTMENT

OF

GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY.

Part II.

REPTILIAN GALLERY.*

This Gallery is devoted to the exhibition of the remains of Reptilian
fossil Reptilia, a class which includes the Tortoises and Turtles, v^alPcase
Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, and a large number of extinct No. 1.
forms, the exact zoological position of many of which we can
on ly judge by analogy. Like the Mammalia, the Reptilian class
lived both on land and in the water ; some being evidently
fitted for terrestrial locomotion by their well-developed legs ;
others, as shown by their paddle-shaped limb-bones, must have
passed their entire existence in the water. One group, now
extinct, possessed, like the Bats and the Birds, the power of
flight.

Class 3.— REPTILIA.

Order I. — PTEROSAURIA (Winged-Lizards).

Fig. 1. — Restoration of Rharnphorhynchus Muensteri, Goldfuss (after Marsh) ; one-seventh
natural size, from the Lithographic Stone, Eichstlidt, Bavaria.

In Wall-case No. 1, and in Table-cases Nos. 1 and 2, are Pterodac-
placed the fossil remains of this extinct group of “ Plying kyles.
Lizards,” or Pterodactyles. These animals had the centra of ^ o al j' ^^’le
the vertebrae hollow in front ; they possessed a broad sternum or cases’, Ncs. l
“breast-bone,” with a median ridge or keel, similar to that of an d 2.
birds; the jaws were usually armed with teeth fixed in sockets.

The fore-limb had a short humerus, a long radius and ulna, and

* Galleries 3, 4, and 5 on Plan facing p. 102.

(1189)

2

2

Flying-

Lizards.

Wall-case,
No. 1.

Flying Lizards — Fterodactyles.

one of tlie fingers of the hand was enormously elongated to give
support to the wing-membrane (patagium), which was attached
to the sides of the body, the arm, and the long finger, and also
to the hind-limb and tail. The other fingers of the hand were
free and furnished with claws. The wing-membrane appears
to have resembled that of the Bat, being destitute of feathers.
The caudal series of vertebrae in some genera (as in BJiavipho-
rliynchus ) was greatly elongated and stiffened with slender

Fig. 2. — The nearly entire skeleton of Pterodactylus speclabilis (Meyer), from the
Lithographic Stone, Upper Jurassic, Eichstadt, Bavaria, a is the pubis; on the
right side the ilium is exposed (figured nat. size).

ossified fibres (Figs. 1 and 5). The bones were pneumatic (he.,
filled with large air-cavities), the walls of the bones being very
thin, and their substance very hard and compact, thus combining
strength with lightness.

Numerous remains of nearly perfect Pterodactyl es, with both
long and short tails, and varying greatly in size, have been

3

Pterodactyles — Dimorphodon.

obtained from the Solenhofen Limestone in Bavaria — others Ptero-
occur in the Great Oolite at Stonesfield, near Oxford ; and in dactyles.

the Lias formation, Lyme Regis, Dorset. The most remarkable Wall-case,

No. l.

Fig. 3. — The almost complete skeleton of Pterodcictylus antiquus, (Sommerring), from Table-case
the Lithographic Stone, Eichstadt, Bavaria (J nat. size), a, humerus ; b, radius and i ’

ulna; c, carpus; d, metacarpus; e, clawed dibits ; /, g, h, i, phalangeals of ulnar * ’

digit; k, rib ; l, femur; s, tihia; r, tarsus; to, metatarsals ; t, t 1 , phalangeals of pes.

Fig. 4. — Left lateral view of skull of Pteranodon lovgiceps (Marsh), from the Cretaceous
of North America (Jj nat. size), a, preorbital vacuity; b, orbit; c, supraorbital
crest; d, angle of mandible; £, quadrate; s, symphysis. (Not represented in the
Collection.) •

of these English examples is the Dimorphodon macronyx from Dimorplio-
the Lias of Lyme, which had a large head, the jaws armed with don *
lancet-shaped teeth, a long tail, and well-developed wings. The ^ al j" case ’
skull was 8 inches in length, and the expanse of the wings °’ 1 *
about 4 feet (see Fig. 5).

Many remains have been discovered by Prof. Marsh in the
Chalk of North America. One singular form, named by him

2 2

4

Crocodiles.

Pterodae-

tyles.

Wall-case,

No. 1.

Table-case,
No. 1.

Crocodiles.

Wall-case,
No. 2, and
Table-cases
Nos. 2 to 7.

Pteranodon, had no teeth in
its jaws, which were a yard
in length, sharp-edged and
pointed, and were probably
encased in a horny sheath
like the beak of a stork or
heron ( see Fig. 4). ^

The Flying Lizards of s
the Chalk and Greensand
attained even a larger size b
— but their remains are all e*
very fragmentary. For exam- g
pie, some detached vertebrae of a
the neck of one species have s |
been found in the Cambridge fj|
Greensand, measuring 2 in- g |
dies in length, and portions g 5
of humeri 3 inches broad. v|
Such bones give evidence of *1
a flying lizard having pro- £ |
bably an expanse of wings |3
of from 18 to 20 feet. The 2 |
Pterodactyles of the Chalk ^
of Kent were nearly, if not g.r
quite, as large. r |

The smallest species of g,
Pterodactyle fromSolenliofen g
was not larger than a sparrow £
(see Table-case No. 1). These <g.
singular flying reptiles do not
appear to have lived longer |
than the period of time repre- r
sented by the deposition of
the strata from the Lias
formation to the Chalk, their
remains being confined to
rocks of the Secondary, or
Mesozoic age. They are now
entirely extinct.

Order II. — CROCODILIA. (Crocodiles.)

The Crocodilia (which are placed in Wall -case No. 2, and
in Table-cases Nos. 2-7) have the body covered with a thick
layer of oblong bony plates or scutes, pitted on the surface,
and covered with a horny substance. They have a single row
of pointed and subconical or laterally compressed teeth in

Crocodiles.

distinct sockets, which, are continually being renewed from
below. The skull is relatively large in proportion to the body,
and is usually much depressed ; its component bones are firmly
united and generally have a characteristic sculpture on their
external surface. The palatines and pterygoids unite in the
middle line and thus close the palate, and very frequently one or
both of these paired bones develop inferior plates, which meet
beneath the narial passages. The quadrate is tightly wedged in

Fig. 6 . — Crocodilus palustris (Lesson). 1, lateral, and 2, upper views of skull ; 3, palatal
view of cranium; E , aperture of median eustachian canal; V, posterior nares;
0, 0, orbits ; P, P , palato-pterygoid vacuities ; T, supra-temporal fossae ; V, basi-
occipital. The figures are much reduced. Common, living in Western India.
Fossil in the Pleistocene deposits of the Narbada Valley, India.

among the adjacent bones ; the tympanic cavities usually com-
municate with the mouth by three eustachian canals ; the
mandibular symphysis unites by suture ; there are, as a rule, no
ossifications in the sclerotic of the eyeball. There is almost
invariably a lateral vacuity in the mandible. The vertebral
of these reptiles are cup-shaped or concave at both ends,
as in Teleosaurus ; or concave in front and convex behind, as in
the Crocodile from Sheppey (Tig. 7) and in all living Croco-

Crocodilia.
Wall-case,
No. 2.

Table-cases,
Nos. 2 to 7.

6

Crocodiles — Geosaurus.

Crocodilia.

Wall-case,
No. 2.

Table-case,
No. 3.

Belodon.

Wall -case,
No. 2

diles. Professor Owen lias constituted two groups, based on
these modifications of the vertebrae. The Crocodiles belong to
the procoelian section (vertebrae concave in front), and are
divided into a brevirostrine , or short-snouted section, containing
the Alligator, the Crocodile, and the Tertiary genus D iplocynodon ;
and a longirostrine , or long-snouted section, embracing the
Garials, Tomistoma, Thoracosaurus, and Rhamphosuchus.

The Amphicadiaii section (vertebrae concave at both ends),
embraces Hylceochampsa , also a second brevirostrine section
including Theriosuchus , Goniopholis , Nannosuchus , and Owenia-
suchus, and a second longirostrine section for Pholidosaurus and
Petrosuchus , all from the Wealden and Purbeck beds.

The older secondary forms belong to the Teleosaurid^e as
Pacosaurus , Metriorhynchus, TeleidosauriLS, Machimosaurus , Pelago-
saurus , Steneosaurus, and Teleosaurus. The earliest of these
Crocodilian reptiles is named, Belodon (Fig. 8), having long
and pointed slightly- curved teeth, longitudinally grooved, and

Fig. 7.— Crocodilus Spmccri (Buckland). Upper view of skull restored, from the
London Clay of Sheppey (about £ nat. size).

Wall-case,
No. 2.

Geosaurus.

with elongated jaws like the modern Garials ; the other, named
Stagonolepis, resembled the existing Caimans, but with an elon-
gated skull like the Garials ; the body was covered by bony
scutes. Both these reptiles are from the Trias, the former from
Stuttgart, Germany; the latter from Elgin, Scotland. In the
Oolitic and Liassic series the old type of long and slender-
jawed Teleosaurs and Steneosaurs (Figs. 9 and 11), with
strong bony scutes, was abundantly represented.

Here are exhibited the type specimens of Geosaurus ,
from the lithographic stone (Upper Oolite) of Solenliofen,
Bavaria. Baron Cuvier inferred, from the form and structure
of its skull, that Geosaurus held an intermediate place between
the crocodiles and the monitors, but was more nearly related
to the latter. The orbits are large and the eyes w'ere protected
by bony sclerotic plates, like those of Ichthyosaurus . It had

Crocodiles- Belodon , etc.

7

Fig. 8. — Belodon Kapffii (Meyer) ; from the Keuper, Upper Trias, Stuttgart, Wurtemberg.
A, lateral view of skull ; B, upper view of skull ; C, palatal aspect of same ; pinx,
premaxilla; mx, maxilla; nci, nasal; nar, nares; or, orbit; por, preorbital vacuity ;
pna posterior nares (greatly reduced).

y IG- 9. — Upper view of cranium of Steneosccurus Heherti (E. Geoffroy);
' from the Lower Oxfordian of Normandy (about 11 at. size).

Belodon and Steneosaukus.

8

Dinosauria.

Wall-case,
No. 2.

Pelagosau-

rus.

Glazed-case

X.

Table-case,
No. 4.

numerous, large, compressed, and slightly recurved teeth, and
the vertebrae are constricted and biconcave. It probabh

attained a length of ten or twelve feet. The
original specimens from Monheim, first
described and figured by Scemmerring in
1816, as a gigantic lizard (Lacerta gi-
gantea) are exhibited in the case.

In Dacosaurus , the skull is short and
broad, with no trace of premaxillary expan-
sion and without sculpture ; the teeth are
few in number, stout, smooth, and with two
slightly serrated carinse and a suboval cross-
section. {See woodcut, Fig. 10.)

A reproduction of the entire skeleton
of the Pelagosaurus typus , from the Lias of
Curcy, Normandy, prepared by the late
Professor E. Deslongschamps, is placed in a
glazed case between Table-cases Nos. 10 and
11, and marked x on plan.

From the Wealden of the South-east of
England, the Purbeck beds of Dorset, we
have a true Crocodilian, the Goniopholis ;
and a dwarf species, Theriosuchus pusillus,

Fig. 10. — Tooth of Daco- /m „„„„ -\T~ A \

saurus maximus (Plien.) Owen (Table-case hi O. 4).

Kimmeridge Clay, Ely.

Fig. 11.— Profile of skull of Pelagosaurus typus (Bronn), from the Upper Lias of
Normandy (reduced). T, supra-temporal fossa ; 0, orbit.

Wall-cases, A large Crocodile has been obtained from the Eocene Ter-
Nos. 1 and 2. tiary of the Isle of Wight, and from Hordwell, Hampshire;
Table-cases, anc l remains of many species of Crocodiles and Garials, from
Nos. 2 and 3. tertiary rocks of India, may be seen in the wall-case.

These are referable to the typical genus Crocodilus , and also to
the other living genera, namely, Garialis of India and Tomis-
toma of Borneo ; both the last-named genera being long-
snouted types.

Order III.— DINOSAURIA.

Wall-cases, The Dinosauria, Land-Reptiles. — This remarkable group
Nos. 3—7, ’ of huge terrestrial reptiles is quite extinct. Some of them
and Table- p ac [ bony dorsal plates and long and formidable spines
— S o NOS - (as Acanthopholis , Polacanthus , Hylceosaurus , &c.), others were
without such defences. Most of these animals had flat or

9

I)i> losaurla — S auropoda .

biconcave centra to tlieir vertebrae, the anterior (cervical)
vertebrae had hollow cups behind. Two pairs of limbs were
always present, furnished with strong-clawed digits.

They were probably to some extent amphibious in their
habits, but their limbs were well fitted for progression on the
land.

The group has been provisionally sub-divided into the
following- sub-orders, namely : —

Dinosauria

Sub-order 1. — Sauropoda (Lizard-footed).

The members of this group of Dinosaurs were all herbi- Atlantosau
vorous, and included some of the largest forms hitherto dis- -^all-case,
covered, by far the hugest being the American genus Atlan- No. 3.
tosaurus , from the Jurassic of Colorado. Although no entire
skeleton has been found, it is supposed to have attained a

Fig. 12.— Lateral view of skull of Diplodocus longus (Marsh), from the “ Atlantosaurus" beds
(Upper Jurassic), near Canon City, Colorado, N. America (| nat. size).

(Not yet represented in the Collection.)

length of over 80 ft., and a height of 30 ft., as from the struc-
ture and relative proportions of the fore and hind limbs, it is
assumed that these huge reptiles walked in an erect, or a
semi-erect position, on their hind-feet. A plaster-cast of a
thigh-bone (femur) shown in this case is 6 ft. 3 in. long.

Another remarkable genus, from the same horizon and
locality, is the Diplodocus, an animal intermediate in size between
Atlantosaurus and Morosaurus , which may perhaps have attained
to 40 or 50 feet in length, when living. The teeth indicate that
it was herbivorous and its food was probably succulent vegeta-

10

Dinosa u via — Cetiosa urns a nd Ornithopsis

Cetiosaurus,
or “ Whale
Lizard.”

Ornithopsis.

Wall-case,
No. 3.

tion. There are no examples of Diplodocus at present in the
Collection.

The Cetiosaurus , or “Whale-Lizard,” thus named by Sir
Richard Owen, from some resemblance in the form and struc-
ture of the posterior vertebras to those of a whale (it must be
borne in mind that the Cetiosaurs have really no affinities to
the whales in any way whatever, save in name !) is another
genus of these huge Saurians, whose remains are found in our
own island, and of which three species are recorded, the earliest
in geological time being the C. longus (Owen). Of this species
a large portion of a skeleton of the same animal was discovered
in 1870, in the Great Oolite at Enslow Bridge, near Oxford, and
is preserved in the Oxford University Museum ; but plaster-casts
of the large bones of the extremities are placed in the case.
The femur is 5ijr ft. long, and the humerus 4 ft. 3 inches. The
anterior vertebrae are large, with cup and ball articulations, they
have large cavities in the centra, and are buttressed like those
of Ornithopsis. an allied genus. A huge arm-bone (humerus)
nearly 5 ft. long, from the Kimmeridge Clay, Weymouth, has
been referred to this genus, under the name of C. liumero-
cristatus ; it is at present the only evidence of the species
known. C. brevis , from the Wealden of Sussex and the Isle
of Wight, is represented by caudal and dorsal vertebrae, &c.,
including the original specimens from Dr. Mantell’s collection,
upon which the genus was founded.

Here are exhibited a series of vertebrae and other remains of
a huge Dinosaur, named Ornithopsis Hulkei ( Seeley) obtained
from the Wealden formation, Brixton, Isle of Wight.

Ornithopsis was remarkable for the extreme lightness in
construction of the bones of its neck and back, combined with
great strength. A single dorsal vertebra had a centrum
10 inches long, and 25 inches in circumference at the front or
convex end, whilst it measured in height to the summit of the
dorsal spine 25 inches ; and in breadth across the transverse
processes 19 inches. A single centrum of one of the cervical or
neck vertebra) measures 32 inches in length.

The centrum of each vertebra is composed of highly cellular
bony tissue (like the frontal portion of the skull of the ele-
phants, and has a large cavity on each side.* The dorsal and
cervical vertebrae are opisthoccelous (he., hollow behind, and
convex in front), and each had articulations for a double-
headed rib. The spinous processes are convex, and greatly
developed, being rendered at the same time both extremely
light and strong by struts and buttresses and thin sheets of
bone, with large and deep recesses between.

* This cellular structure disappears as we reacli the posterior vertebrae of
the sacral and caudal series, which are solid and destitute of the cavities
characteristic of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae.

Dinosauria — Brontosaurus.

11

The discovery of the entire remains of a huge Dinosaur in
America, which when alive was nearly, or quite, fifty feet in
length, named by Prof. Marsh, Brontosaurus , with dorsal

t\

vertebras constructed upon the same type as Ornithojpsis , fully
confirms the accuracy of the conclusions arrived at by Prof.
Seeley and Mr. Hulke as to the affinities of the latter animal.

Brontosau-

rus.

12

Dinosauria — Pelorosaurus.

Ornithopsis.
Wall-case,
No. 3.

Pelorosau-

rus.

It seems almost certain tliat the detached tooth described as
Hoplosaurus armatus , and the cervical and dorsal vertebras and
pelvis, described under the names of Ornithopsis Hulhei and
0. encamerotus , are referable to the same form. The head in
Brontosaurus , with which genus 0 rnithopsis has been compared,
was very diminutive in comparison with the size of its huge
vertebrae and limb-bones (see Fig. 13).

Fig. 14.— (a) inner ; (6) outer; (c) proQle views of a tooth of Hoplosaurus armatus (Gervais),

from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight,

Pelorosaurus , another large land Saurian of the Wealden
period, is referred to this sub-order. It probably exceeded, in
size the largest Iguanodons, and is represented in the Collection
bv the humerus, -which is 52 inches in length.

Another humerus noticed above (p. 10) as having been
referred to Cetiosaurus humerocristatus , by Hulke, probably
belongs to this same genus. The cast of a vertebra from the
Oxford Clay, near Peterborough, also may be referred to another
species of this genus, and is remarkable for its large size.

Dinosauria — Theropoda.

13

Sub-order 2. — Theropoda (Beast-footed).

The Theropoda hold an intermediate position between the ^ o al ;i,' case ’
Sanropoda and the Omithopoda, although more nearly allied °'
to the former. In the structure of the teeth, the form of the
femur ; the occasional presence of only two sacral vertebrae,
and in the form of the quadrate bone, certain genera approach
more nearly to the Crocodilia than even do the Sauropoda ;
although in their hollow limb-bones they agree with the

Fig. 15 .— Left side of pelvis of Allosaurus fragilis (Marsh), from the Upper Jurassic
of North America (Jj nat. size), a, acetabulum; il, ilium; p, pubis; is, ischium
(after Marsh).

Ornithopoda. All the forms were carnivorous. The premax-
illary was furnished throughout with teeth, which are laterally
compressed and backwardly curved, the cutting edges of one or
both of which are frequently serrated. The teeth are planted
in distinct sockets, and the skull has a large aperture in front of
the eye, known as the preorbital vacuity. The centra of all the
vertebra are hollowed internally, and much compressed laterally.

Wall-case,
No. 7.

Table-case,

No. 9.

* 14 Dinosauria — Megalosaurus.

The limb-hones always have medullary cavities, and the pectoral
(fore-) limb being much shorter than the pelvic (hind-) limb,
it is probable that many of the forms were bipedal in their

habits, although some of them may have been quadrupedal. In
the pelvis {see Fig. 15) the ilium is of great vertical depth, and
has a short preacetabular process, while the pubis is directed

15

Dinosauria — Ceratosaurus and Compsognathus.

downwards and forwards, and unites with its fellow in a long
bony symphysis, which generally extends up the anterior face
of the two bones, giving them the shape of an elongated letter Y,
when seen from the front. The pubis and ischium are com-
paratively short and slender. The astragalus , or “ ankle-bone,”
usually fits closely to the tibia, and frequently gives off a long
flattened process which is applied closely to the anterior face of
the latter bone, resembling in this respect the free condition of
these two bones in the young of Ratite birds before the
anchylosis of the astragalus with the tibia has taken place.

The metatarsals are elongated and the feet digitigrade. In
the manus (hand), the number of digits varies from four to
five, while in the pes (foot), there may be either three or five.
The terminal phalangeals in all cases have curved claws, which
in the manus are very long and prehensile, evidently well
adapted for seizing and holding living prey.

The skeleton of a small Dinosaur, of which a beautiful Compsogna-
cast may be seen in Table-case No. 9, the original being *
preserved at Munich, named Compsognathus longipes , has ^g" casc ’
been found entire in the Lithographic stone of Solenhofen.

From the relative proportions of its limbs we cannot but con-
clude that it must have “hopped (like a Jerboa), or walked in
a n ere ct or semi -erect position, after the manner of a bird, to
which its long neck, slight head, and small anterior limbs must
have o-iven it an extraordinary resemblance.” (Huxley.)

16

Dinosauria — Anchisauridce , etc.

Teratosau-

rus.

Megralosau-

rus.

Table-case,
No. 9.

Wall-case,
No. 4.

Laelaps.

Megralosau

rus.

Wall-case,

No. 7.

Numerous other fine Dinosanrian remains are to he seen in
the collection, but as we do not know the teeth of man} o esc
huge reptiles, we cannot speak positively as to their habi s.
is certain, however, that, from the Trias to the Chalk, tv o groups
have existed, one having a carnivorous dentition, and the other
being herbivorous. Teratosaurus of the Trias of btuttgar ,
Ceratosaurus and Allosaurus of the American. Jurassic roc s,
Megalosaurus and Compsognathus of the Oolitic and Wealclen

strata were all carnivores. i

The actual counterpart and casts of the maxilla and
premaxilla and a portion of the ramus of the lower jaw
of Meqalosaurus from the Inferior Oolite, Sherborne, Dorset,
may be seen in the Wall-case. Of Polacanthus, Omo-
saurus , Ii ylceosaurus, and Cetiosaurus* we . have no direct
dental evidence, but judging from a comparison of the other
portions of their skeletons, they have been refened to t e
family of the Stegosauridse. No doubt, as amongst the Mam-
malia at the present day, the majority were vegetable- feeders,
and the minority were predaceous in habit, ihe Cactaceous
o-enus Lcelaps , and the Jurassic Ceratosaurus and Allosaurus
were, in America, the representatives of the carnivorous

Megalosaurus of our Secondary rocks. . .

Many species of Lailaps have been identified, and a senes oi
plaster-casts of bones of Lailaps aquilunguis are exhibited in

tlio case.

Anchisauridce. — The genus Anchisaurus has amphicoelous
cervical vertebras, the pubis is rod-like, there are five digits in
ihe manus and pes. The teeth are without serrations on the
anterior border. LJpicawipodon (Fig. IS, a, b, c) is an allied
genus from India.

Fig. 18.— Fragment of mandible, A. lateral aspect; 71, posterior aspect; C, section of
tooth of Epicampodon indicus (Huxley), from the Panchet beds (U. Trias), Lower
Gondwanas of Bengal ; P, lateral aspect of tooth of Thecodontosaurus piatyodon
(Riley & Stutchbury), Upper Trias, Bristol.

* A single detached tooth has been found in the same quarry at Enslow
Bridge, near Oxford, from which the bones of Cetiosaurus were obtained ; it
is somewhat like that of Iloplosaunis.

Dinosauria — Ornithopoda. 1 7

In Thecodontosaums platyodon (Fig. 18, d), the teeth have
oblique serrations on both borders. The ilium is of the Mega-
losaurian type. Remains of this genus are met with in the
Upper Trias, Durdham Down, Clifton, near Bristol, in Glouces-
tershire.

Sub-order 3. — Ornithopoda (Bird-footed).

This sub-order is taken to include the Stegosauria of Marsh.

The genus Stegosaurus was originally described by Marsh
from the Upper Jurassic of North America, but certain forms
from the Oxford and Kimmeridge Clay of England, described
under the preoccupied name of Omosaurus, cannot be separated
genet ically from Stegosaums. They also agree with the Scelido-
sauridce in the general structure of their teeth and in the
possession of a dermal armour of scutes and spines, as well as
in their solid limb-bones.

Fig. 19.— The left pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs of Stegosaurus ungulatus
(Marsh), from the Upper Jurassic of Southern Colorado, North America (J* nat. size),
s, scapula; c, coracoid; h, humerus; r, radius u, ulna; 1-F, phalangeals; if,
ilium; is, ischium; p, pi, pubis; /, femur; t, tibia; j 1, fibula; a, astragalus;
c, calcaneum (after Marsh).

The neural arches of the vertebra; are very much higher, and
in the sacrum each arch is chiefly or entirely supported by a
single centrum, instead of by the adjacent portions of two centra
as in the Ornithopoda.

(1189) 3

Wall-case,
No. 7.

Wall-case,
No. 4.

18 .

Dinosauria — Omosaurus.

The skull shows many points of resemblance to that of
Iguanoclon , especially by the presence of a predentary bone, but-
it is lower and narrower and in this respect it resembles the
Scelidosaurian type.

Fig. 20. — Left lateral view of skull of Stegosaurus staiops (Marsh), \ natural size ; from
the Upper Jurassic, S. Colorado, North America, a, nares; b, orbit; c, infra-
temporal fossa ; pm, premaxilla ; to, maxilla; u, nasal; pf, prefrontal; so, supra-
orbital; fp, postfrontal; po. postorbital; /, lachrymal; j, jugal ; q, quadrate; sg,
squamosal; oc, occipital condyle; ar , articular; sc i, surangular; an, angular; s,
splenial ; d, dentary ; pd, predentary (after Marsh).

To this sub-order are referred the remains of a large Dinosaur
from the Ivimmeridge Clay of Swindon, Wilts, described by Sir
Richard Owen in his Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the
Mesozoic Formations (Palaeontograpliical Society’s Volume for
Omosaurus. 1875), under the name of Omosaurus armatus. The series com-
prises, in an immense block, the iliac bones of either side with
the entire sacrum, retaining the normal form and position, an
ischium, a femur, several dorsal and caudal vertebrae projecting
in bold relief from the background of grey stone, forming a
magnificent fossil group unique of its kind.

In addition to the bones above mentioned (which are all
imbedded in one block (V O'' x 7' 6"), a large dermal spine,
several centra and processes of many vertebrae and chevron-
bones, an entire humerus, ulna and radius with carpal and
metacarpal bones, all parts of the same fore-limb ; also a com-
plete ischium and pribis, and six caudal vertebrae, were found
lying in the clay around the larger mass.

The femur measures more than 4 feet, and the humerus
is nearly 3 ft. in length and enormously broad. The head and
neck are unfortunately wanting, but there is little doubt
that nearly the entire animal might have been obtained had
some competent person been present in the pit when the
remains were first observed.

4

Dinosauria — Scelidosaurus, etc.

19

Fig. 21. — A single
upper tooth of Sceli-
dosaurus Ifarrisoni
(Owen) twice nat. size,
from the Lower Lias,
Charmouth, Dorset.

A large plated Dinosaur lias been dis-
covered in a tolerably perfect state, and is
placed in a glazed case in the centre of the
Reptile gallery.

It was obtained from the Lower Lias of
Lyme Regis, Dorset, and is a fairly complete
skeleton of an herbivorous Dinosaur about 12
feet in length, closely allied by its dentition to
lgucinodon, and described by Sir Richard Owen
as Scelidosaurus Harrisoni. This reptile was
armed with lateral rows of thick bony scutes or
spines on each side, which extended along the
tail also. There is very considerable disparity
between the fore and hind-limbs, as in so many
There are four functional toes and one
on the hind foot; the fore-foot is not well

be

other Dinosaurs,
rudimentary one
preserved and the number of digits cannot consequently
clearly made out in the hand.

Scelidosau-
rus, Case Y,
on Plan.

•Fig. 22. — Restored skeleton of Scelidosaurus Harrisoni (Owen), greatly reduced, from
the Lower Lias of Charmouth, Dorset. The figure shows the large lateral dermal
spines on the shoulders, and the long lateral line of smaller spines, reaching from the
pectoral region to the extremity of the tail ; also the numerous ossified tendons
running along the sides of the dorsal spines of the vertebral from the shoulder to the
tail. (The original specimen is about 12 feet in length.)

A smaller Dinosaur, named Acanthopholis , found in the Lower Acantbo-
-Chalk of Dover, was also armed with spines, but only a few pholis.
fragmentary remains of it are preserved in the collection.

3 2

Table-case,
No. 1.

20

Dinosauria — Iguanodon.

Hylaeosau

rus.

Folacan-

tlms.

Wall-case,
No. 4.
Table-case,
No. 7-

Hypsi-

lophodon.

Table-cases,
Nos. 9 and
10 .

Small Glass-
case, y.

Iguanodon
UTantelli.
Wall-cases,
Nos. 5 and 6,
and Table-
case No. 8.

The long dermal spines of Ily Iceosaurus, another ai met
Dinosaur from the Wealden, were arranged in a single row along
the central line of the back.

The Polacanthus , or many-spined Dinosaur, from the Weal-
den formation near Brixton, Isle of Wight, appears, as i egai c s
its dermal covering, to have been one of the most heavi y-
armed of these old dragons. Its body was protected by a senes
of long, laterally-compressed, and more or less acutely triangu-
lar osseous spines, and also by numerous plain and kee e
scutes ; whilst the pelvic region was covered by a large shield
or carapace of thick bone firmly united to the vertebrae and
ribs, like the carapace in a turtle. The tail was also protected
by strong bony dermal scutes.

Many of the limb-bones and vertebrae of the back and tail
were found associated with the spines, but no remains of the
neck or head.

The bases of the spines are broad and asymmetrical, show-
ing that they were arranged in one or more rows on eithei side
of the central line of the back. The largest of these spines
exhibited measures ten inches in breadth, and in height thirteen

inches. .

We are mainly indebted to the researches of Prof. Huxley
and Mr. J. W. Hulke for a knowledge of Hypsilophodon Foxii,
a small Dinosaur from the Wealden, about 4 feet in length.
The animal has four large and powerful digits to the hind
foot, and a small rudimentary fifth outer toe; an extremely
small fore foot (or mantis'), with four digits and a filth rudi-
mentary one. The sharp-pointed and curved ungual phalanges
indicate that it was probably arboreal and rock-climbing in
its habits. The sides of the crowns of the teeth are finely-
serrated, and repeat in miniature the serrations of the crown
of the teeth of Iguanodon. Hyjpsilophodon was destitute of any
dermal armour. Remains of parts of several individuals have
been met with at Brixton, in the Isle of Wight.

“ Mantell’s Iguanodon.” — This is one of the largest of the
great extinct land-reptiles, some of which certainly rivalled the
elephant in bulk.* The femur (thigh bone) alone measured 4
to 5 feet in length. The fore-limbs were very short, so that it
is almost certain that it did not make use of them constantly
for progression on the ground, but could readily raise itself into
an upright position, the weight of its body being countei-
balanced by its long and ponderous tail, although it was far too
bulky to progress by leaping, after the manner of a kangaroo.
The slab in the centre of Case 6 contains a great portion of the

* As many as twenty-four of these huge Iguanodons were recently obtained
from the Wealden of Belgium, and three or four almost complete skeletons
have been put together in the Brussels Museum, proving that they were
more than 30 feet in length.

Dinosauria — Iguanodon.

21

skeleton of a young individual of Iguanodon Mantelli from
Bensted’s Kentish Bag quarry at Maidstone, in which the
disproportion of the fore and hind limb is well shown. It will
he seen that the hones of the arm and fore-arm (humerus, and
radius and ulna) are harely half the length of the thigh and

Fig. 23. — Restored skeleton, greatly reduced, of Iguanodon Bernissarlensis (Boulenger);
from the Wealden of Bemissart, Belgium (scale about T \ nat. size). The original
preserved in the Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels.

Fig. 24. — Outer view of four lower teeth of Iguanodon in fragment of jaw, showing
unworn condition of teeth. From the Wealden of the Isle of Wight.

shin bone (femur and tibia). This difference between the leg
and arm seems to have been a marked feature in a large
number of Dinosaurs, as may be well seen in Hypsilophodon,
Conipsognathus , and many others.

The restored skeletons of Iguanodon exhibited in the
Brussels Museum also show this disproportion very clearly {see
Fig. 23).

Wall-cases.
Nos. 5 and 6

Table-case,
No. 8.

Ig-uanodon.

Wall-cases,
ilos. 5 and 6.

22 Dinosauria — Iguanodon.

The Iguanodon was vegetarian in its diet, as is proved
by its teeth, which correspond with those of the living and
vegetable-feeding Iguana of S. America.

Fig. 25. — Iguanodon Eemwartensis (Boulenger). Posterior view of a dorsal vertebra ;

Wealden, Isle of Wight.

p IG og _(a) Outer view ; (b), Profile of Tooth of Iguanodon (natural size), Wealden,

* * Isle of Wight,

Their teeth are not unfrequently found worn down at the*
crown, like the molar teeth of the herbivorous mammalia at the-

Dinosauria — Orthomerus and Trachodon.

23

present day. They were implanted in partially distinct sockets,
and a succession of teeth always growing up from beneath
replaced the worn-down stumps. The teetli are curved and
leaf -shaped, and the edges are elegantly serrated, a character
peculiar to all the vegetable - feeding Dinosaurs, such as
Acanthopholis , Scelidosaurus, &c. (see Woodcut, Figs. 24,
and 2(>).

Fig. 27. — -Left lateral aspect of skull of Jguanodon Bernissartensis (Boulenger) ; from the
Wealden of Bernissart, Belgium (much reduced). The anterior aperture in the skull
is the nares (nostril), the middle one the orhit, and the large posterior one, the infra
temporal fossa. The predentary bone is seen at the extremity of the mandible
(after Dollo).

The genus Orthomerus (Seeley), an Iguanodont and a species
of Megalosaurus , from the Upper Chalk of Maestricht, appear, as
far as yet known, to be the most recent, and probably the last
representatives in Europe in geological time of the great group
of terrestrial Dinosaurs. Both sjdecies are founded upon a few
long bones of limbs in the collection, and assuming them to
have belonged to fully adult animals, their small proportions,
when compared with those of their predecessors, probably
indicates degeneration in an expiring race.

In the genus Trachodon , of Leidy, all the dorsal vertebra)
are opisthocoelous (hollow behind), with low arches, on which
the rib- facet rises to the summit of the neural platform ; the
centra are moderately compressed and wedge-shaped, with a
limrnal carina. The teeth are simpler than in Jguanodon , witli
lozenge-sliaped crowns, the inferior surface o f the root of each
tooth being grooved for the reception of the summit of the
tooth below. In T. cantabrigiensis the crowns of the teeth are
relatively broader than in T. Foulki , from New Jersey (see
Figures 28, a, b, c).

Table-case,
No. 8.

Table-case,
No. 9.

Ecliinodon.

Table-case,

Nuthetes

24 Squamata.

The following are of uncertain affinities, namely : — Ecliinodon ,
which was a large saurian probably of aquatic habits. The teeth
were flat, broadly pointed, and the upper edges strongly serrated,
hence the name “prickly-tootli.” A more formidable saurian

C.

Fig. 28.— (a) lateral, and (b) profile views of a tooth of Trachodon cantabrigiensis
(Lydekker), Greensand, Cambridge; (o), tooth of Trachodon Foulki (Leidy), Upper
Cretaceous ofNew Jersey, U.S.A.

from the same deposit is the Nuthetes destructor. The teeth are
flat, recurved, and finely serrated on their anterior and posterior
margins, like miniature teeth of Megalosaurus , which they
resemble.

Order IV.— SQUAMATA (Scale-covered Reptiles).

This order is largely represented by forms living at the
present day, as it includes the true Lizards, the Chamaeleons,
and the Serpents, and in the Cretaceous epoch by the great
extinct Mosasaurians. . In this order the body may be either
short, with well developed limbs and a distinct tail, as in the
Lizards ; or it may be extremely elongated without any external
trace of limbs, and passing gradually into the tail, as in the
Snakes. As a rule, the whole body and limbs are covered with
overlapping horny scales, and these may be underlain by an
armour of bony dermal scutes. The limbs may be adapted for
walking on land, or modified into paddles for swimming. In
the skull the proximal end of the quadrate bone is more or less
movably articulated ; the lower temporal arcade is wanting ;
the post-orbital is generally fused with the post-frontal; the
palate is more or less open, the pterygoids being nearly always
separated by an interval from one another, and the premaxillce
are frequently united. The vertebras are generally procoelous

Squcimata — Ophidia and Lacertilia.

25

(concave in front), although more rarely they are amphicoelous
(bi-concave). True abdominal ribs are never developed. The
< arpus lias but a single centrale, and the precoracoid process is
often well marked.

Sub-order 1 .— Ophidia (Serpents).

Serpents are rarely met with in a fossil state, but a few
such remains have been obtained from the Tertiary rocks. T lie
earliest Ophidian* represented in the Collection is the JPalceophis

A

B

c

Fig. 2D. — Vertebrae of Palceophis typhceus (Owen), from the Lower Eocene, Sheppey.

A, haemal; b, anterior; and c, left lateral views of a trunk vertebra, wanting most
of the neural spine; z s, zygosphene ; c, costal articulation.

toliapicus , a serpent about 12 feet in length, obtained from the
London Clay of Sheppey ; from the Middle Eocene of Brack-
lesliam we have a still larger form, the Palceophis typhceus, a boa-
cons trie tor- like snake, considered to be marine, that attained a
length of 20 feet, and also a smaller species, P. porcatus.

ABC

Fig. 30.— (A) Haemal, (B) Anterior, (C) left lateral views of a trunk-vertel»ra of
Paleryx rhombifer (Owen), from the Eocene Phosphorites of Caylux, France,
c, costal articulation ; z, s, zygosphene.

The Upper Eocene sands of Hordwell have yielded numerous
vertebra? of snakes, but of a much smaller size, namely , 1 aleiyx
rhombifer and P. depressus. Others are recorded from the
Miocene of CEniugen and the Lignites of Bonn-on-the-Rlnne, and
are exhibited in this case.

Sub-order 2.— Lacertilia (Lizards).

The earliest known member of the large group of existing
Lacertian reptiles is Macellodus (with which Saurillus is pro-
bably identical, or closely allied), mostly known by jaws and teeth

* M. Sauvage lias described Ophidian Vertebree from the Chalk of France.

Serpents.

Table-case,

No. 11.

Palaeophis.

Paleryx.

Lizards.

Table-case,
No. 12.

26

Squamata — Anguidce , Va ran idee, etc.

Tat>le-case,
No. 12.

from the Pnrbeck beds of Swanage, Dorset, a small lizard with
pleurodont dentition, dermal scutes, and procoelous vertebrae.

The genus Adriosaurus is from the Lower Greensand of
Austria ; there is also a fossil lizard as large as a Monitor from
the Cambridge Greensand, of unknown affinities.*

Coniasauriis, with expanded teeth, occurs in the Chalk of
Kent and Sussex. Several genera of lizards are represented in
the Tertiaries of France and America. Remains of a species of
Iguana occur in the Eocene Phosphorites of T rance, and the
Middle Eocene of Hordwell, Hampshire.

Fig. 31. — (A) Outer, and (B), inner views of the left dentary bone of an Anguoid
Lizard ; from the Eocene l’hosphorites of Cay lux, France. p.

The Anguidcc (Slow-worms) are represented bv several
genera from Gers in France (M. Miocene), and from Rott, near
Bonn (Lr. Miocene); from Steinheim, Bavaria; and from
England and Hortli America.

Fig. 32.— (A) Right Maxilla; (B) Anterior, and (C) Posterior views of a dorsal
vertebra of Vaninas ienc/alensis (D.iudin), Pleistocene, Madras.

The Varanidce (Monitors) are represented by a very large
form, Megalania, from Queensland, Australia, and by Varanns
sivalensis from the Siwalik Hills of India. Fragments of jaws,
vertebrae, etc., referred to Varanus bengalensis , from caves, Kar-
nul. Madras, are preserved in the collection. Similar specimens
have been described by Mr. Lydekker ( see Palaeontologia Indica).

* Not represented in the Collection.

27

Squamata — Pythonornorpha .

From the Chalk of Sussex and Kent have been obtained
several examples of the snake-like lizard Dolichosaurus longicollis.

The P leurosauridse are typically represented by Pleurosaurus,
of the Lithographic stone of Bavaria, which is a medium-sized
Lizard characterized by the extreme elongation of the body (in
which there are a great number of presacra l vertebrae), and the
skull is long and narrow, with slit- like nares. Anguisaurus and
Acrosaurus, of the same deposits, belong to this family, but it is
not certain that they are really distinct from the type genus.

Sub-order 3. — Pythonomorpha.

The Mosasauridce were carnivorous marine reptiles, fre-
quently of great size, and ranging in time from the Upper
Greensand to the uppermost Cretaceous beds, and having a

Fig. 33.— Right pectoral limb of a Mosasauroid reptile, Platecarpus , sp.

’Cretaceous strata of North America. T V nat. size (after Marsh.)
a, scapula ; 6, coracoid ; c, humerus ; 'd, radius, and c , ulna.

world-wide distribution. The body was much elongated ; the
skull offers a strong resemblance to the Varanidce amongst the
lizards, and has the nasal and premaxillse welded together ; the
ouadrates very loosely articulated ; teeth on the pterygoids as
well as in the jaws, and frequently ossifications in the sclerotic
of the eye. The teeth are large and sharp, and anchylosed by
expanded bases to the summits of the jaws. The clavicles are
always, and the interclavicles and sacrum generally, wanting.

Dolichosau-

rus.

Table-case,
No. 12.

Wall-case,
No. 8, and
Table-case r
No. 11.

Wall-case,
No. 8.
Table-case,
No ll.

Mosasau-

l'US.

28

Squamata — Mos as aunts.

The limbs are modified into paddles with no claws to the
terminal plralangeals and no foramen to the humerus. The
majority of forms were devoid of dermal scutes.

Fig. 34. — Superior aspect of the cranium of Platecarpus curtirostris , Cope ; from the
Upper Cretaceous of N. America (greatly reduced), pmx, premaxiUa; vix, maxilla;
fr, frontal ; prf, prefrontal (after Cope).

Fig. 35. — Lateral and profile views of a lower tooth of Liodon , sp.
from the Upper Cretaceous of Maestricht, Holland, ,.

These great aquatic lizard-like reptiles, known as the
Mosasaurus, Liodon, etc., once inhabited the shores of the sea in
which the uppermost Chalk, or Maestricht beds, were deposited,
and their powerful jaws, armed with great grooved, recurved,
conical teeth, their vertebrae and various other skeletal remains
have been obtained from St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht,
Holland, and from the Chalk of Norfolk and Kent. Remains
of over forty species have been found in the Cretaceous rocks
of New Jersey, Kansas, &c., in North America. One of
these, the Mosasaurus princeps , is computed to have been 75 to
80 feet long. In one case at least the body was covered with

Rhynchocephalia. 29

% •

small ebony plates. The paddles, wliicli were four in number, each
with five digits, had a remarkable resemblance to the “flippers”
pf a whale ( see Fig. 33).

Fig. 36. — The imperfect skull of Mosasaurus Ccmperi (Meyer), from the
Upper Cretaceous ot Maestricht, Holland (much reduced).

Order V.— RHYNCHOCEPHALIA (Beak-headed Lizards).

This order has only one living representative, the genus
Sphenodon ( Uatteria ), from New Zealand. Its earliest known
ancestor, Palceohattevia , dates from the Permian. In external
appearance the Rhynchocephalians were lizard-like animals.
They have the quadrate bone of the skull immovably fixed by
the proximal extremity to the pterygoid, the palate is closed
anteriorly by the median union of the pterygoids; the pre-
maxillse are never united. The teeth are acrodont, being anchy-
losed to the jaws. Abdominal ribs are always present.

Under the name of Rhynchosaurus articeps, Sir Richard
Owen described and figured, in 1842, a very interesting reptile
from the fine-grained white Triassic sandstone of the Grinsill
quarries near Shrewsbury (Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc., vol.

vii., part iii., p. 355, pi. 5 and 6).

The vertebrse are biconcave, but whilst in some characters ot
the processes they resemble recent lizards, m others they present
characters like those of the Dinosauria.

The skull presents the form of a four-sided pyramid com-
pressed laterally ; it is also remarkable for the beak-like
prolongation of the premaxi llaries, which are pointed and re-
curved, and must have been encased in a horny sheath, like the

mandible of a bird of prey. , _ . . ,

It had also, like the still existing New Zealand lizard
Sphenodon (. Hatteria ), to which it is closely allied, two rows of
minute acrodont teeth, united to a sharp edge of the maxillary

Wall-case,
No. 8.

Table-case,.
No. 11.

Wall-case.
No. 7.
Table-case,
No. 12.

Rbyncbo-

saurus.

Table-case,
No. 12.

Table-case,

No. 12.

Hyperoda-

pedon.

Table-case,
No. 12.

Wall-case,
No. 7.

30 1 IhynchoGephalia — Hyperodapedon.

and palatine bones respectively, between which the teeth of the
lower jaw fit in a longitudinal groove. This character was
unknown until quite recently, when a skull in the collectiou,
having the mandibles in natural position, was skilfully de-
veloped from the matrix, and revealed the fact. The biconcave
form of the vertebrae, sternal and abdominal ribs, and general
characters of the limbs, also show the near affinity of this
ancient extinct land- lizard to its living representative.

A

B C

Fio. 37. — Skull of Hyperodapedon Gordoni (Huxley), Triassic Sandstone, Lossiemouth,
Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland nat. size). A, upper surface of skull; B, palatal
aspect of skull; C, under side of front of lower jaw; Pinx, premaxillary bone;
Mx, maxillary; PI, palatal teeth; Md, mandibles; 0, orbit. N, anterior nares :

S, suprateinporal fossa ; S', lateral temporal fossa.

Another form, but of much larger proportions, named by
Prof. Huxley, Hyperodapedon , has been obtained from the
Triassic sandstone of Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland, having the
same compressed broadly triangular form of skull, with the
orbits directed upwards and the premaxillaries prolonged into a
sharp recurved beak, like Rhynchosaurus , which must have been
encased in a similar horny sheath.

The dentition is very peculiar, for, unlike Rhynchosaurus ,
the maxillary and palatine bones were provided with several

Proterosauria and Ichthyosaur ia.

31

rows of well-developed low conical teeth closely set, and so
arranged posteriorly as to form a deep longitudinal groove
between two or more rows of teeth on each side for the reception
of the marginal teeth of the mandible; these teeth are small
and closely arranged, and wear by attrition with the upper
teeth into a sharp cutting edge. There is also present on the
inner side of the mandible a series of large and obtuse teeth.

The tine specimen of Ilyperodapedon Gordoni exhibited from
Elgin shows the head, neck, and body region, and some of the
limb-bones in fair preservation, but the whole of the caudal
region is absent. It was a terrestrial reptile, and attained a
length of six or seven feet, and does not appear to have been
armed with scutes or spines, but there are traces of wrinkled
(skin) markings on the slab near the vertebrae.

A much larger species, named Ilyperodapedon Huxleyi, has
been obtained from the Triassic deposits of Maleri, India; of
which a good series of the jaws is exhibited. It is computed to
have attained a length of 17 ft.

Prof. Huxley remarks (“Quart. Journ.” Geol. Soc., vol. xliii.,
1887) that this order had already attained its greatest
degree of specialization as early as the Trias ; Ilyperodapedon
being in all respects a more modified form than Sphenodon. It
appears therefore to be probable that in the Permian, or perhaps
still earlier, there must have existed Lizards differing less from
the existing genus than either Ilyperodapedon or lihynchosaurus .

Aphelosaurus, from the Permian, Prance, is also placed here.

Prom the Trias of Elgin in Scotland, we have the very small
Lacertian, the Leptopleurus (Telerpeton ) , not exceeding’ seven
inches in length.

The Saurosternon is another small form of Triassic lizard,
from the reptiliferous sandstones of South Africa.

Prom deposits of Oolitic age we have the Hommosaurus ,
Sapheosaurus , and Ardeosaurus from the Lithographic stone of
Solenhofen.

Order VI.— PROTEROSAURIA.

To this order is referred a reptile named Proterosaurus
Speneri , from the Permian “ Copper-slates ” of Thuringia.
Though capable of progression on land, it was evidently of
aquatic habits, feeding upon the Palceoniscidce and other fishes,
which abounded in the seas of that period.

Order VII.— ICHTHYOSAURIA (Fish-Lizards).

These great marine carnivorous reptiles had very short
necks (see Woodcut, Fig. 43), probably not visible at all ex-
ternally; the vertebree are numerous and deeply biconcave (see

Wall case,
No. 7.
Table-case,
No. 12.

Table-case,
No. 12.

Proterosau-

rus.

Table-case,
No. 18.

Wall-case,
No. 14,
Table-cases,
Nos. 13 and
14.

32

Ichthyosauria.

Wall-case,

No. 14.

Table-cases,
Nos. 13 and
14.

Fig. 40, A). They are primarily divisible into a precaudal
and a caudal series without any differentiated sacrum, the pre-

Fio. 33.— Left lateral aspect of the skull of Ichthyosaurus communis (Conybeare) ; from
the Lower Lias, Lyme liegis, Dorset (about ^ nat. size). The body was entirely devoid
of any hard exo-skeleton.

Fig. 39. — Left lateral and anterior aspects of the centrum of an early posterior dorsal
vertebra of Ichthyosaurus trigonus (Owen); Kimmeridge Clay, Stanton, a, upper,
b, lower costal tubercle.

ARC

Fig. 40. — Tbe centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra of Ichthyosaurus entheciodon (Hulke),
Kimmeridge Clay, Wilts, a, section: b, anterior aspect; c, left lateral aspect.

caudal s have an upper and a lower costal or rib-tubercle on
the centrum ; the caudals have a single tubercle ; the neural
arches are attached by synchondrosis (by cartilage or gristle) to

Ichthyosauria.

33

the flat surfaces on the centra. Intercentra are present between
me sk uli and atlas, and between the atlas and axis. The dorsal
ri s aie double-headed. Ribs are present in the caudal region ;
the chevrons are not united below. Abdominal ribs are present,
hut there is no sternum. There are clavicles and a T-shaped
interclavicle present in the pectoral girdle; the coracoids do
not overlap, there is no distinct precoracoid. The pelvis is

Wall-case,
No. 14.
Table-cases,
Nos. 13, 14.

lio. 41. Left lateral aspect of skull of Ichthyosaurus latifrons (Kiinig), from the
Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, i- nat. size.

weak, the iliac bones are not connected with the vertebrae, there
is an open obturator notch. The skull had very larg*e orbits,
and the eyes were surrounded by a ring of broad bony
(sclerotic) plates. The jaws were elongated, and armed with
powerful teeth implanted in g'rooves. The hand and foot are
modified into fin-like organs, composed of short polygonal bones,
arranged in five closely approximated rows, with supernumerary
rows of marginal ossicles added (see Figs. 45 and 46).

Fig. 42.— A, superior, and B, right lateral aspect of the skull of Ichthyosaurus Zetland -
icus (Seeley) from the Dpper Lias of Normandy (reduced). Pmx, premaxilla ; Mx
maxilla; N, nares; Na, nasal; Fr, frontal; Prf , prefrontal; Ptf, postfrontal ; Pa,
parietal; J, jugal; QvJ quadratojugal; Sq, squamosal; St. supratemporal ; For,
postorbital ; A, orbit; B, supratemporal fossa; Set, sclerotic; Md, mandible;
dentary; op, splenial ; ang, angular; k, articular (after Zittel).

The largest entire Ichthyosaurus is from Lyme Regis, and
measures 22 feet in length and 8 feet across the expanded
paddles; but detached heads and parts of skeletons prove that
they often attained a far larger size than this.

(1189)

4

31

Ichthyosaurus

a represents one of the coprolites of these saurians.

Ichthyosauria.

35

In some of the Ichthyosaurs the jaws are prolonged into a
long and slender rostrum ; others have short and robust heads,
and jaws armed with large teeth. A most perfect example of
the long and slender- jawed form of Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris ,
from the Lower Lias of Street, Somerset, was presented in 1884,
by Alfred Grille tt, Esq., of Street, Somerset.

Two other genera slightly modified from Ichthyosaurus,
namely Baptanodon and Ophthalmosaurus, are included with it
here.

Some diversity of opinion exists as to the homology of the
three bones which articulate with the distal extremity of the
humerus and femur in the two latter forms. Marsh and Hulke
correlate them as in Ichthyosaurus , with the radius, intermedium,
and ulna ; Seeley terms them radius, ulna, and olecranon; whilst
Baur considers that they represent the radius, ulna, and
pisiform.

a b c

Fig. 44. — (a) Lateral and (b) profile views of a tooth of Ichthyosaurus platyodon (Cony-
beare) Lower Lias, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, (c) Tooth of Ichthyosaurus communis
(Conybeare), Lower Lias, Lyme Regis, Dorset.

It has been almost certainly shown by Baur that the
Ichthyopterygia have taken their origin from terrestrial or
amphibious ancestors. The structure of the limb in the more
generalized species of Ichthyosaurus indicates that the pectoral
limb consists primarily of only four digits, the first digit being un-
represented, and the fourth and fifth arising in the usual manner
from the ulnare. The additional rows of phalangeals in the
more specialized forms it is suggested are due to a splitting up
of the radial (2nd) and intermedial (3rd) digits, the presence of

Gallery,
No. 11.
Wall-case,
No. 13.

Table-case,

No. 14.

36

Ichthyosaurici.

Wall-case,
No. 14.

Table-cases,
Nos. 13, 14.

two centralia in the carpus of these higher forms is therefore an

acquired and not an inherited character.

The structure of the palate is essentially the same as m
Sphenodon. There is a remarkable resemblance between the
Ichthyopterygia and the Rhyncliocephalia in the structure ot
the pectoral arcb, in the presence in both of abdominal ribs , in
the similar position of the parietal foramen in the cranium, and
the relation of the quadratojugal to the surrounding bones. In
both there is the same absence of a lateral \ acuity m ie
mandible.

B

p IG 45 (a) Ventral aspect of the left pectoral limb of Ichthyosaurus Conybeari, (Lydekker),

Lower Lias, Lyme Regis (£ nat. size), h, humerus; r, radius ; u, ulna ; r, inter-
medium. The vertical lines show the relative lengths of the limb and the skull, the
longer line being that of the skull. The notches m the anterior border of the first
row of phalangeals are omitted, (b) Dorsal aspect of the leL pectoral nmb ot
Ichthyosaurus communis , (Conybeare), Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. The letters and lines
are the same as in Fig. A.

The teeth are confined to the jaws and are implanted in a
continuous groove, without anchylosis of the bone. Their crowns
are sharply pointed, and they are usually cylindrical and deeply
fluted, more rarely carinated, compressed, or smooth (see big.

-44 a, b, c) .

37

Ichthyosauria.

The humerus and femur are relatively short, bat the radius
and tibia are still shorter, and may be reduced to oblong bones
in which the breadth is greater than the length. The humerus
has no foramen. Usually the anterior pair of (pectoral) paddles
is the larger (see Figs. 45 A, b; and 46 a, b). The humerus
and femur in this order are unique in that, instead of having
convex condyles for the articulation of the fore-arm (radius and
ulna) they present distinct concavities for their reception.

o oo

Bio. 46. — (a) Dorsal aspect ol the left pectoral, and (b) ventral aspect of the right pelvic
limb of Ichthyosaurus intermedins (Conybeare) ; Lower Lias, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

A. h, humerus; r, radius; u, ulna ; r 1, radiale ; i , intermedium; u I, ulnare; cl,
c 2, eentralia; B. /, femur; .t, tibia; ./, flbula; 1 1, tibiale ; /l, flbulare; i, inter-
medium.

These old marine lizards must have exercised the same
repressive action over the teeming animal population of the old
Liassic seas that the sharks do in our seas at the present day.
They existed during the long period of geological time repre-
sented by the several formations extending from the Upper
Trias and Rdnetic to the Chalk inclusive ( see Table of Stratified
Hocks, p. x.), but they occur in the greatest abundance, both as

Wall-cases,
No. 14.

Table-case3,
Nos. 13, 14.

38

Chelo?iia.

regards individuals and species, and also in the most peifect
preservation, in the Lias formation. Geographically, they
enjoyed an exceedingly wide range of distribution, their remains
having been discovered in the Arctic regions, in Europe, India,
Ceram, North America, the East Coast of Africa, Australia, and
New Zealand. Nearly entire skeletons of both young and
adult animals have been obtained from beds of this age with
but few of the bones displaced, as may be seen by many
specimens in the Wall-case.

Tortoises
and Turtles.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 11 and
12 .

Table-cases,
Nos. 20, 21,
22 .

Order VIII.— CHELONIA (Tortoises and Turtles).

The Chelonia are exhibited in two wall-cases and three
table-cases placed in the West Corridor (No. 5 on Plan), which
connects the Mammalian with the Reptilian Galleries.

A.

B.

Fig. 47.— a. Carapace of Trionyx Gergensi (Meyer), from the Lower Miocene of the Mayenee
Basin, ^ uat. size; nu , nuchal; cl to c8, costals; n\ to rii , neurals. b. The fourth right
costal plate with the sculpture drawn on a larger scale.

Chelonia.

39

Here are placed tlic fossil remains of the order Chelonia,
most largely represented at the present day, including Hie
Tortoises and Turtles, a group of reptiles in which the verte-
brae and ribs are immovable, being combined with the external
coat of bony plates, closely connected by interlocking sutures,

Wall-cases,
Nos. 11 & 12,
and Table-
cases,

Nos. 20, 21,
and 22.

Fig 48 — Outline of the Carapace, or dorsal Fig. 49. — The plastron, or ventral shield, of
shield" of Hardella Thurqi (Gray), reduced. Cachuga tectum (Gray), reduced ; ep., epiplastial

IU n ’ uc hal- nl-nS neurals’; cl-c8 costals; spy, bone ; entp., entoplastral bone ; hy.p., hyoplastral
1 & 2 sun’rapygals; pv, pygals ; ml-mll, mar- bone; xp., xiphiplastral bone; g gular shield;

iinals“" In both these figures the outlines of the hum., humeral; pec., pectoral; ab., abdominal;

bones have wavy sutures, * ®thc firm dark hues show fem., femoral ; and an., anal shields,
the outlines of the overlying horny shields.

Figs. 48 and 49 are both from the Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India.

enclosing the entire body of the animal. This box-like
envelope is covered with leathery skin or horny shields ; one
kind of which is called “tortoise-shell,” and is made into
combs, &g. The bones of the skull (except the lower jaw and
the hyoid bones) are also consolidated. They have no teeth,
but the jaws being encased in a horny beak, the sharp edges

serve instead for dividing the food.

The Chelonians are found living at the present day on land,
in fresh water, and in the sea; they are all oviparous, depositing
their eggs in the sand, to be hatched by the warmth of the sun.

Some recent Turtles’ eggs from Ascension, cemented together JJ 12>
and fossilized in shell-sand hj deposition of lime (produced
through the rapid evaporation of the sea-water by the suns
heat) , 3 are exhibited in Wall-case, A T o. 12.

40

Chelonia.

Fig. 50. — Frontal aspect of the cranium of
Rhinochelys cantabrigiensis (Lydekker);
from the Greensand, Cambridge. pmx,
premaxilla; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; p fr,
prefrontal ; /r, frontal ; pi. fr , postfrontal ;
pa, parietal (the cranium is imperfect
posteriorly).

Fig. 51. — Frontal aspect of the cranium of
A rgillochelys antiqua (Konig) ; from the Lon-
don Clay of Sheppey, }. pmx, piemaxilla;
max, maxilla ; qj, quadratojugal ; prf, pre-
frontal ; fr, frontal ; ptf, postfrontal ; par,
parietal.

Fig. 53.— The plastron, or ventral shield, o:
PI eurosternum Bullocki (Owen), from the Purbecl-
beds of Swanage, Dorset. About a nat. size; ig.
intergular shield ; the rest of the letters and ex'
planation as in Fig. 49.

Fig. 52. — The carapace of Nicoiia tricaiinata.
var. sivalensis (Lydekker), £ nat. size. Pliocene,
Siwalik Hills, India. (The dotted lines indicate the
bony sutures, the dark lines the horny shields.)

Tektiaby and Secondaby Ciielonia

Ghelonia.

41

Fig. 54. — a, Frontal, and b, Palatal aspects of the cranium of a young individual of
Argillochelys cuneiceps (Owen), from the London Clay of Sheppey. pmx, premaxilla;
mx, maxilla; pt, pterygoid; ept, ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; bo, basi-
occipital; a, occipital shield; 6, paraoccipital shield; c, interparietal shield; d,
frontal shield.

Fig. 55. — The imperfect carapace of Plesiochelys valdensis (Lydekker), Weal den, Isle of
Wight (’ nat. size), nu } nuchal bone ; nl-nl, neural bones ; cl-c7, costal bones.

Tektiaey and Secondary Chelonia.

42

Chelonia.

Table-case,
No. 21.

The collection is particularly rich in remains ot Chelomans
from the Purbeck beds of Swanage, Dorset, the Chalk Gault and
Greensand of England, the Maestricht beds of Holland, t ie
Eocene Tertiaries of Harwich, Sheppey, Hampshire, the Isle o
Wight, and other localities.

The last surviving species of Clielonian indigenous to England
was the Marsh Tortoise, JEmys orbicularis, Linn., whose remains
have been found in fiuviatile deposits of Post-Pliocene age a ^
Mundesley and East Wretham Pen, in Norfolk (see “Geol. Mag.
1879, p. 304) once common over a large part of Europe and still
living in the South of Europe, in Asia and Algeria.

Some of the old gigantic land-tortoises (of which a few only
survive) inhabited Mauritius, the Seychelles, and other islands

Fig. 56. — Dorsal aspect of the carapace of Platychdys oberndorferi (Wagner). Litho-
graphic stone =Lr. Kimmeridgian ; Kelheim, Bavaria.

Chelonia.
West Cor-
ridor, No. 5
on Plan.

Wall-case,

No. 11.

of the Indian Ocean and the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific.
Like the Dodo, they have been gradually exterminated by the
hand of man. The largest of the fossil forms (a restored cast
of which is placed on a stand at the vest end of the Pep tile
Gallery, and marked Z, on Plan), is the Colossockelys atlas from
the Siwalik Hills of India. The detached fragments of this
great carapace are placed in the Wall-case. These old land-
tortoises, so remarkable for the magnitude they attained, had
extremely long necks and small heads ; they were all vegetable-

feeders.

Chelonia.

43

Several smaller species of Chelonians are also exhibited from Wall-case,,
the same Indian locality.

Fig. 57— Carapace of Chelone (?) Benstedi (Mantell); Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent.

(Figured in “ Phil. Trans.,” 1841, pis. XI and XII.)

In Wall-case 12, are placed tlie remains of a remarkable ^
extinct Chelonian, named Miolania Oweni , A. S. Woodw., i om -jyj- iolarLia
Australia, having’ nine horn-like prominences on its skull, whic t Qweni.

B A

Fig 58 —a The Skull, and b, the Tail-sheath of the great Horned Chelonian, Miolania
Oweni (A. S. Woodw.), from the Newer Tertiary deposits of Australia.

measured 1 foot 104 inches in breadth. The skull, at first glance,
looks like that of some flat-headed form of Ox ; but the bones
are altogether dissimilar, and the jaws are without teeth.

Other remains w T ere sent over in 1880, showing that it
possessed a tail encased in a horny sheath (see Fig. 58, b), so
like the armour-plated tail of the great extinct non-bandcd

44

Chelonia.

Wall-case,
No. 12.

Chelone

grigras.

Armadillo (Glyptodon) from South America, that had the tail
arrived before the head and vertebrae had been received, it
might well have been cited to prove the former existence of
the Glyptodon in Australia (see “ Phil. Trans.” 1858, 1880, and
1881). Still further evidence of these: another species of horned
Chelonians, named Miolania platyceps by Owen, has been
obtained from a coral sandstone formation on Lord Howe Island,
700 miles from the coast of Australia, whence the first specimens
were obtained.

I-ig. 59. — Skeleton of the Logger-head Turtle, Thalassochelys caretta (Linn. sp.).

This remarkable reptile was originally referred, by Sir
Bichard Owen, to the Lacertilia (Lizards), but was afterwards
shown by Prof. Huxley to belong to the Chelonians, and he
proposed for it the name Ceratochelys, from the liorn-like
processes on the cranium.

Here are placed the remains of tbe great Chelone Hoffmanni,
from tbe Chalk of Maestricbt. The JEosphargis gigcus , whose
head and some other parts of the skeleton may be seen

Sauropterygia. 45

and compared, is from the London Clay of Sheppey, and
represents a still larger form related to the living Leathery
Turtle. These were true marine turtles, like the “ Logger-
head ” Turtle of the present day (Fig. 59).

Fig. 60. — Fragment ot Carapace of Psephoderma alpinum , Meyer; Trias, Bavaiia

nat. size).

The oldest Chelonians known are the Ghelytherium obscurum,
Meyer, from the Triassic sandstones, Stuttgart ; and the
Psephoderma alpinum, Meyer, from the Lower Keuper of
Hoheneck ; and P. anglicum , Meyer, from the fthsetic of Bristol.

Of the fifty-two genera and one hundred and thirty-one
species or varieties of fossil Chelonians named in the collection,
only eighteen genera and ten species can be with certainty
correlated with living forms ; whilst for a few of the more
remarkable extinct forms, such as Miolania , Pelobatochelys , and
Psephoderma , special families have been constituted for their
reception.

Order IX. — S AUROPTERY GIA.

In this extinct order the body has no exoskeleton ; the
neck is more or less elongated, and the tail short. In the skull
the nares, or nostrils, are lateral and placed near the orbits.
The premaxillae are very large, and there is a well-developed
parietal foramen in the adult. The symphysis of the mandible
is united by a suture (Fig. 63). The teeth are implanted in
distinct sockets and confined to the margins of the jaws ; they
have curved sharp crowns with fluted enamel. Each rib articu-
lates to a single vertebra, the facets for the cervical ribs may be
either single or double, and are situated entirely on the
centrum. The vertebrae are amphicoelous (concave at both
ends). The neck may have as many as from 21 to 40 vertebrae.
A few of the vertebrae behind the cervicals have the ribs arti-
culating partly on the arch and partly on the centrum : these
have been named pectoral vertebrae. The ribs attached to the
dorsal vertebrae have the articulation entirely on the arch,
which generally forms an elongated transverse process. The

Wall-case,
No. 12.

Table-case,
No. 22.

Wall-cases,
9, 10, 13.

Table-cases,
15, 16,P17.

46

Sauropterygia

Wall-cases,
Nos. 9, 10,
13.

Table-cases,
Nos. 15, 16,
17.

Z-

lio. Cl.— Anterior and left lateral aspects of a cervical vertebra of Cimoliosauru s
Jiichardsoni (Lydekker) from the Oxford Clay, Weymouth, Dorset. -J- nat. size,
co, rib ; prz, prezygapophysis; ptz, postzygapophysis.

caudal vertebrae carry true ribs and also clievron bones. In
the pectoral girdle, the coracoids unite in a ventral symphysis,
and the scapulae may also meet on the median line. The limbs

Fxo. 62— Ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle of Plesiosaurus Ilawkinsii (Owen), from
the Lower Lias, Street, Somerset (about \ nat. size), osl, omosternum ; sc, scapula ;
pcor, ventral (precoracoidal) plate of scapula; gl, glenoid cavity; cor, coracoid.
(In reality the omosternum is wedged in between the extremities of the coracoids.)

vary, being in some genera adapted for progression on land, in
others converted into paddles suited for an aquatic existence.
The humerus and femur are always of considerable length, the
phalangeal bones are elongated, but no additional digits are
developed. In habits the members of this order were carnivo-
rous, and either marine or terrestrial.

47

Sauropterygia — Plesiosauridce.

Plesiosauridj:. — InWall-cases Nos. 9 and 10, and in Table-
case No. 17, are placed the remains of one of our largest marine
reptiles, the Pliosaurus, from the Kimmeridge Clay, near Ely,
and also from Dorsetshire. W e have no entire skeleton of this
animal, but the cast of a swimming-paddle (the original of

Pliosaurus.
Wall-cases,
Nos. 9, 10.

Table-case,
No. 15.

Fig.’’ 63. — Sauropterygian mandibles, a, Peloneustes philarchus (Seeley) ; from the
Oxford Clay, g. b, Thaumatosaurus indicus (Lydekker), Upper Jurassic of India, }.
c, Plesiosaurus dolichodirus, (Conybeare); from the Lower Lias, Lyme Regis,

’which is preserved in the Dorchester Museum) measures 7 feet
in length ; its jaw was 6 feet long, and one of its teeth was 15
inches in length. It had a shorter neck than the Plesiosaurus ,
but was probably less fish-like in asjject than Ichthyosaurus ,
which latter reptile it outrivalled in 'point of size.

In Wall-case No. 13, and in Table-cases Nos. 15, 16, 17, are
arranged examples of the extinct group of marine reptiles, the
Plesiosauria (see Fig. 67, p. 49). They are distinguished
at once by the great development of the neck, which is composed
of numerous vertebrae. The head is comparatively small in
size; the orbits are large; the limbs being shaped externally

Plesio-
saurus.
Wall case,
No. 13, and
Table-cases,
Nos. 15, 16,
17.

Sauropterygia — Plesiosauridce

like the flippers of a whale, and made up of 5 fingers, cora-
13, ’ ’ ’ posed ot numerous phalanges. The jaws were armed with many

Table-cases ' lS1In P le P oillt ed teeth inserted in distinct sockets. The most
15, ie, 17. ’ complete examples are the Plesiosaurus Plawkinsii , the PI.

I*ig. 64. — A tooth of Polyptychodon
intcrruptus (Owen); Greensand, Cam-
bridge.

Fig. 65.— An upper tooth of
Peloneustes philarc/ius (Seeley):.
Oxford Clay, Bedford,

Fig. 66. — Plesiosaurus liawlinsii (Owen). Anterior and left lateral
cervical vertebra from the Lower Lias of Lyme JRegis Dorset •
prz, prezygapophysis; ptz, postzygapophysis.

aspect of a late
co, costal] facet;

Plesiosaurus

49

(1189)

0

Fig. 67. — Skeleton of the Long-necked Sea-Lizard ( Plesiosaurus ), from the Lias of Lyme Regis, Dorset.

Wall-case, No. 13.

50

Plesiosauridce.

"Wall -case,
No. 13.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 9, 10,

13,

Table-cases,
Nos. 15, 16,
17.

robustus, the PI. laticeps, PI. macrocephalus , all in Case No. 13 ;
and the cast of the Thaumatosaurus , fixed on the wall of
the East Corridor (No. 3 on Plan), leading to the S.E. gallery,
which is 22' 0" in length and 14' 0" in breadth, measuring
across its expanded paddles.

Fig. 68.— Skeleton of Lariosciurus Balsami (Curioni) ; Muselielkalk, Pcrledo, Logo
di Como, Italy, ( £ nat. size ; original in the Munich Museum).

Within the family Plesiosauri djs are included several allied
genera, namely, Pliosaurus (with five species) ; Peloneustes (with
two species) ; Thaumatosaurus (with seven species; ; Polypty-
chodon (with two species) ; Cimohosaurus (with twenty-eight
species); Eretrnosaurus (with two species) ; and the type-genus
Plesiosaurus (with twelve species) ; in all, some fifty-eight

Lariosauridce.

51

species. Only a few complete examples of some of these genera Notho-
are known, the rest being mostly based upon more or less sauras -
fragmentary remains. These old marine lizards were most Table-case,
abundant in Mesozoic times, particularly at the period of the No ‘ 17 '
deposition of the Lias, Kimmeridge and Oxford Clays ; the
latest-known genus, Polyptycliodon, being found in the Chalk.

Fig. 69. — Palatal aspect of the cranium of Nothosaurus mirabilis (Munster), Muschelkalk,
Germany (? nat. size), pmx, premaxilla; nar, posterior nares ; vo, vomer; mx,
maxilla; pal , palatine; pt, pterygoid; a, ala of same; 6, quadratic ridge; qu, quad-
rate bone ; oc, occipital condyle. The posterior extremity of the palatine was pro-
bably formed by a transverse bone, but the suture is not visible. (Table-case, No. 1 7.)

Most of the “ Sea-Dragons,” both the long and the short-
necked forms, were obtained from the Lias of Street, Somerset-
shire, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire,
and Whitby in Yorkshire ; or from the Oxford Clay of Peter-
borough and Weymouth, and the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset-
shire ; in fact, their geological and geographical distribution
seem to have been almost identical.

Fig. 70. — Right lateral aspect of the skull of Nothosaurus mirabilis (Munster), reduced;

from the Muschelkalk of Germany.

The Lariosaurid.®, represented by the Italian Lafiosaurus Wall-case,
and the German genus Neusticosaurus , appear to connect the No ‘ ^ *
marine Plesiosauridj: with the freshwater and terrestrial
Nothosauridj:. The skull was short, the neck relatively long ;
the humerus short, the femur elongated, and the terminal
phalangeals were furnished with claws.

52

Lariosauridce.

Table-case,
No. 17.

Table-case,
No. 18.

A cast of Lariosaurus JBalsami and two original and nearly
entire skeletons of Neusticosaurus pusillus from the Trias of
Stuttgart may be seen in the cases.

In Nothosaurus the skull is long and narrow with the post-
orbital portion larger than the preorbital and with very long
and narrow supratemporal fossa3 ; the upper teeth are numerous,
and the 5th and 6th maxillary teeth much enlarged, the
mandibular symphysis is of moderate length and bears 5 teeth ;
the dorsal vertebrae have very short transverse processes.

Conchiosaurus is closely allied to Nothosaurus ; C. clavatus ,
was about one half the size of N. mirabilis.

The genus Mesosaurus, a reptile discovered in the Karoo
formation, Griqualand, S. Africa, and since met with in Brazil,
is included in the same order with Nothosaurus. One of the
most peculiar features in this genus is the separation of the
fourth and fifth tarsalia, so that each metatarsal articulates*

Fig. 71. — Ventral aspect of left pectoral limb
of Mesosaurus tenuidens (P. Gervais), from
the Karoo System (Trias), Griqualand West
(South Africa) ± ent. entepicondylar
foramen of humerus; r, radius; u, ulna
(see Table- case No. 18).

Fig. 72. — Ventral aspect of right humerus
of Conchiosaurus davatus (Meyer), Mus-
chelkalk of Nurnberg (| nat. size); en 1 /,
entepicondylar foramen ;a, ectepicondylar
groove.

with a distinct tarsale. The centra of the vertebrae have a
notochordal canal, and are small in comparison to the neural
arches ; while the ribs were anchylosed to the vertebrae, and were
of great thickness like those of Nothosaurus. Abdominal ribs
were also present. The skull was much elongated, and furnished
with slender recurved teeth, implanted in distinct sockets.

Placodontia.

53

Order X.— PLACODONTIA (Plate- toothed Reptiles).

The genus Cyamodus, from the Muschelkalk of Germany, Cyamodus.
offers a remarkable modification in its dentition not usually Table-case,
met with in the reptilian class, but of which the class of fishes No- 18,
affords numerous examples. The skull is as broad as it is
long, the greatest breadth being behind, whence the sides
converge to an obtuse muzzle. The temporal fossae are the widest
and the zygomatic arches the strongest in the reptilian class,
and the lower jaw presents a similar strong development of the
coronoid process. This powerful action of the jaws for biting
and grinding relates to the form and size of the teeth, which
resemble paving-stones, and were evidently adapted to crack
and bruise shells of Mollusca, Crustacea, and perhaps Echini
also. (Owen.)

A B

Fig. 73 . — Cyamoclus ( Placodus ) laticeps (Owen), a, palatal aspect; b, frontal aspect
of cranium ; from the Muschelkalk of Baireuth, Germany. (Table-case, No. 18.)

The upper jaw contains a double series of these teeth, an
outer, or maxillary series, and an internal or palatal series ;
but the under jaw has only a single row of teeth.

Although now admitted to be a reptile, this remarkable
genus was formerly classed by Munster and Agassiz as one
of the Pycnodont fishes.

Placodus gig as (Agassiz). A closely allied form ; has a more Placodus.
elongated cranium with a distinct premaxillary rostrum carrying
three chisel -like teeth on each side. It has three polygonal
palatine teeth and four or five maxillary ones. The cranium is
more elevated than in Cyamodus.

54

Anomodontia . — Procolophonia and Dicynodontia.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 7, 9.

Table-cases,
Nos. 18, 19.

Order XI.— ANOMODONTIA.

Order Anomodontia. — In this order the body is lacertiform
(lizard-like), and the limbs are adapted for walking. The
sknll is comparatively short ; the quadrate bone is fixed ; a
parietal foramen is present ; there are either one or two
temporal arcades ; the nasals are large ; in the palate the
pterygoids meet together in front of the basisphenoid, which
they also join, but diverge anteriorly ; the palatine bones are
small and placed internally to the pterygoids, as in Mammals,
the dentition is thecodont (teeth placed in distinct sockets), but
the teeth may be anchylosed to the bone. The vertebrae are
amphiccnlous (concave at both ends), and in some cases they have
notochordal centra (centra, gelatinous, unossified)* ; the dorsal
vertebrae have long tranverse processes, and the anterior ribs
articulate by double heads. Abdominal ribs seem generally to
have been absent. In the Pectoral girdle an interclavicle,
clavicles, and precoracoids are present, and a sternum was
probably always developed.

In the pelvis the pubis is placed in advance of the ischium to
which it is completely united. The body of the ilium is in advance
of the acetabulum. f i he tarsus has one centrale, and the phalangeal
bones of the manus and pes are typically 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, in number
as in Mammals ; the whole structure of the foot being Mammalian
in type. . 4Y e are led to conclude, from recent researches, that
these animals are directly descended from the Labyrintliodont
Amphibians, more especially from the Arch aego saurian family,
they are also related in all probability to Monotreme Mammals.

This order appears to be confined to the Permian and Trias.

Table-case,
No. 19.

Sub-order 1 . — Procolophonia.

To the Anomodontia are now referred the small reptiles of
the genus Procolophon , with a short triangular and somewhat
depressed skull ; their dentition is carnivorous but the marginal
teeth are all alike and are completely anchylosed to the bone ;
teeth are also borne upon the vomer and the pterygoids!
Procolophon presents many points of resemblance to Sphenodon
and the Phynchosauridce. The genus is met with in the Karoo
Beds (Trias), of South Africa.

Dicynodon.

Wall-case,
No. 9.

Table-case,

No. 19.

Sub-order 2.— Dicynodontia (Double Dog-toothed).

Family Dictnodontid2E.— The Dicynodontsf are a very
peculiar family of reptiles from the Trias of South Africa.

The circumference of the centrum is in some species ossified so as to
form a bony tube, while the centre remains gelatinous.

+ The genus, Dicynodon, is so called from Sia, two, and kvvoZoq, canine
tooth, Irom the two tusk-like canines in the upper jaw.

Dicynodon. 55

The skull is massive and remarkable in form, and is furnished
with, a single pair of huge sharp-pointed tusks growing down-
wards, one from each side of the upper jaw, like the tusks in
the Walrus. No other kind of teeth were developed in these
singular animals ; but the premaxillaries were confluent and
sharp-edged, and formed with the lower jaw a beak-like
mouth, probably sheathed in horn like the Turtles and Tortoises.

Fig. 74. — Palatal aspect of cranium of Dicynodon, from the Karoo series of the Cape of
Good Hope, S. Africa. £ pmx, premaxilla ; mx, maxilla ; vo, vomer ; pal, palatine ;
pt, pterygoid ; bs, basisphenoid ; bo, basioccipital ; qu, quadrate ; tr ? transverse
bone ? ; pin, posterior nares.

Several species have been described from the Stormberg and
Beaufort Beds of the Karoo series of South Africa, and the
equivalent Gondwana series of Central India. So long ago as
1885 remains of the genus were stated* to have been dis-
covered in the reptiliferous sandstone of Elgin, Scotland, but
they have not yet been described or figured (1890).

Wall-case,
No. 9.

Table-case,
No. 19.

Dicynodon.

Dicynodoili

* See Prof. Jicld’s letter, “ Nature,” 1885, and Dr. R. H. Traquair,
“British Association Re; orts, ’ Aberdeen Meeting, 1885.

56

Table -case.
No. 19.

Oudenodon.

Dicynodon.

Table-case,
No. 18.

Endothio-

don.

Theriodon-

tia.

Table-case,
No. 19.

Theriodontia — Tapinocephalidce.

In Oudenodon both jaws were edentulous ; the maxillae have
a sharp external beak-like ridge; the palate has a vomerine

1 ig. 7 o. Lateral views of the skulls of (A), Dicynodon loeerticeps (Oven) ; and, (IS),
Oudenodon Bavni (Owen) ; from the Karoo series, South Africa.

lidge, and the general shape of the skull resembles Dicynodon.

beveral species have been described by Owen, all from South
Africa.

lamily Endothiodoktid^:.— This family includes a number
ot large reptiles from the Karoo formation of the Cape, of
which the genus Endothiodon forms ilie type. They are dis-
tinguished trom the preceding by the presence of numerous
eeth on the palate. The skull resembles Oudenodon , but the
muzzle is more elongated and the nares (nostrils) are terminal
and are overhung by massive nasal bones. The border of the
jaws has a cutting edge, but the surface of the palate and
mandiole carry one or more longitudinal rows of columnar and
cy indrical teeth. the palate of Endothiodon is remarkably
mammalian in type.

Sub-order 3.— Theriodontia.

Family Tapinocephaliixe.— T his family includes remains of
two large foims from the Karoo beds, South Africa, namely
Topinocephalus and Titanosuchus. Their dentition indicates a
carnivorous type of reptiles. A n imperfect skull, several entire
limb-bones, and vertebras are preserved in the Collection.

Theriodontia — Gcdesauridce.

k r-i

57

Tajoinocephalu.s is represented by an imperfect portion of Wall-case,

skull, also several entire limb-bones and vertebras.

No. 7.
Tapinoce-
phalus.

Fig . 77. — Left lateral aspect of skull of Galesaunos planiceps (Owen), from the Karoo
beds (Triassic), South Africa (j- nat. size), a, an upper cheek-tooth, and b, an incisive
tooth.

dentition of the Mammalia than any other group of the class
Reptilia, for, as in the carnivorous mammals, the incisors are
separated from the molars by well-developed canines ; and the
canines of the lower jaw crossed those of the upper in front. In

Fig. 76. — Anterior and right lateral aspects of a lumbar vertebra of Tapinoceplmlus
Atherstonei (Owen); from the Karoo Beds, South Africa.

Family GALESAURIDJL — Nearly the whole of the typical Table-case,
Theriodontia are included in this family. They form a remark- No - 19 -
able group of carnivorous reptiles, first described and thus named
by Sir Richard Owen* in reference to the form and order of G-alesaurus.
arrangement of the teeth bearing a greater resemblance to the

* “ Catalogue of the Foss. Rept. of South Africa,” 4to, bond. 187G.

58

Theriodontici — G alesauridce.

Table-case,
No. 19.

-ffiluro-

saurus.

many o the genera the npper canines are long and trenchant, and
ne incisors large and close together (. Lycosaurus , JElurosaurus,
etc.), the molars, as a rule, being smaller than the incisors. In

Fig. i 8. Anteiioi view of a dorsal vertebra of Naosuurus clnviger (Cop eV
from the Permian of Texas (i nat. size: ce, centrum).

Fig.

79.— Right, lateral aspect of imperfect cranium of JElurosourus felinus (OwenV
from .the Karoo Beds (Triassic), Beaufort West, South Africa (f nat. size), crupper’
incisive tooth ; 0, upper cheek-tooth, enlarged. '

Theriodontia — Clep sydrojoidce .

59

most reptiles, living and extinct, the teeth that are worn away by Table-case,

nse, or otherwise lost, are replaced by others that are constantly ^°-

forming in the jaws; but there is no evidence of preceding teeth,

like the milk-teeth in mammals, nor of successional teeth, in the a on tia.

jaws of the Tlieriodonts. From this negative evidence Sir Richard

Owen assumes them to have been “ Monopliyodont ” i*ep tiles,

having but one set of teeth, which were permanent, during life.

He has described eleven genera, varying in the size and form of
the skull and teeth. The specimens exhibited have all been
obtained from rocks of Triassic age in South Africa, and are the
type-specimens of the species figured and described in the work
already quoted.

Fig. 80. — i, Palata 1 , and b, Occipital aspect of cranium of Bmpedias molaris (Cope;;

{ nat. sizp, irom the Permian of Texas, North America.

Family Clepsydropidas. — These Theriodonts differ from the Naosaurus.
Galesauridjs either in having teeth on the palate, or by the
extraordinary character of their dorsal vertebrae, in which large
intercentra are typically present. These forms a 1 belong to

60

Theriodontia — Diadectidce and Bolosauridce.

Gallery,
No. 4.
Table-case,
No. 19.
Empedias.

the Permian formation of North. America. The premaxillary
and maxillary teeth are of unequal size, as in Galesaurus, with
two tusks near the extremity of the dentary bone. In Dime-
trodon and Naosaurus the neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae
have an extraordinary development ; the height of the spine in
one species being more than twenty times the length of the
centrum. Prof. Cope concludes that these spines formed a kind
of elevated tin on the back, of which it is difficult to imagine
the use. In Naosaurus there were horizontal processes on the
spines of the vertebrae. This genus has also been recorded
from the Permian of Bohemia (see Fig. 78, p. 58.)

Family Diadectidce. — In the Diadectidce, represented by
the genera Diadectes , Empedias, and HeJodectes, the teeth are
transversely elongated, and are also divided by a median vertical
ridge, but both the inner and outer sides are equally low. They
are believed to have been herbivorous in diet.

These genera are characteristic of the Permian of North
America; see Figs. 80 and 81, Empedias molaris (Cote).

Family Bolosauridj]. — Another closely related form, re-
ferred to the family of BOLOSATJRiDJi, named Deuterosaurus , is
found in the Permian of Russia (Fig. 82).

Fig. 81. — Lateral and palatal view of posterior
tooth of Empedias molaris (Cope); Permian,
North America.

Fig. 82. — Lateral view of a premolar
of Deuterosaurus biarmicus (Eich-
wald), from the Upper Permian of
Russia.

A tooth has been obtained from the Karoo beds of South
Africa closely resembling in general characters the anterior
teeth of j Deuterosaurus. -It has been made the type of the
cfenus Glaridodon.

O

Sub-order. 4. — Pariasauria.

Wall-case,
No. 7, and
Table-case,
No. 19.

In this sub-order are placed the remains of several other
genera of Anomodonts. They include Pariasaurus , Anthodon ,
and Propappus , from the Triassic deposits of South Africa.

Pariasaurus.

61

Pariasaurus serridens was obtained by Mr. Bain from the
reptiliferons Triassic sandstone near the Winterberg, Cape
Colony. The teeth are close-set, in an alveolar groove ; they
resemble those of the Iguanodon in their mode of implantation,
and those of the Scelidosaurus in their close arrangement and
nearly uniform wear. The degree of abrasion indicates, as in
the Iguanodon , that they were applied to the mastication of
vegetable substances.

Fifteen or sixteen teeth are closely set on each side of both
the upper and lower jaws. As in man, there is no diastema in
the dental series, no one tooth is longer than the rest. But
there is still greater uniformity in the teeth of this ancient
reptile. There is absolutely no character by which to separate
the incisors, or canines, or false or true molars. All the teeth
are equally worn, and show by their abraded border that they
have taken an equal share in the pounding as well as the crop-
ping of the vegetable food upon which it subsisted (Owen).

The animal measures fully nine feet in length, and the
shape of its skull and jaws are remarkably like those of the
Batrachia.*

This fine example of the skeleton of Pariasaurus is exhibited
in a glass-case (marked zz), at the west-end of Gallery, No. 4.*

In addition to the sculpture on the bones of the skull
mucous canals, like those of the Labyrintliodonts, are also
present. Vomerine teeth have also been observed.

Professor Seeley concludes that. this very remarkable and
Amphibian-like reptile is a direct descendant from the Laby-
rinthodonts ; the chief affinities to that group being displayed
in the characters of the skull, in the notochordal canal, and the
large arches of the vertebrae, in the support of the pelvis by a
single vertebra, as well as in the characters of the pectoral and
pelvic girdles. The latter features, together with the general
structure of the palate, being identical with those of typical
Anomodonts, there appears every reason for referring this
family to a sub-order of that group.

Gallery,
No. 4.
Pariasau-
rus.

Glass-case,

zz.

Wall-case,
No. 7.

* Other even more perfect remains of this genus have been quite
recently obtained by Prof. H. G. Seeley, F.E.S., during a visit to the Cape
Colony to study the Reptiliferons deposits of South Africa. They are now
(1890) beiug developed from the matrix by the Formatore.

62

Amphib ia — E ca udata.

Amphibia.

Gallery,

No. 4.
Table-cases,
Nos. 23 and
24.

West Cor-
ridor,

No. 5.
Wall-case,
No. 11.

Table-case,
No. 24.

Batrachia ;

Frogs,

Toads.

Class 4.— AMPHIBIA.

In Wall-case Ho. 11, and in Table-cases Nos. 23 and 24, are
placed the fossil Amphibia or Batrachia (Frogs, Toads, Newts,
and Salamanders). These animals are distinguished from true
reptiles by the fact that the young undergo certain metamor-
phoses after leaving the egg. In this stage of their existence
they breathe by external gills : these gills are occasionally
retained along with internal lungs in the adult animal. The
limbs are sometimes all absent, or one pair may be wanting.
When present, they have the same bones as in the higher
animals ; they are never converted into fins. The skull has two
occipital condyles and a persistently cartilaginous basi- and
supra-occipital. The suspensorial apparatus of the mandible
is continuous with the skull. Teeth are commonly present on
the premaxilla, maxilla, vomer, and the dentary bone of the
mandible. They are usually anchylosed to the bone and are
simple in structure ; but in the Labyrinthodonts they are more
complex. There are never more than two vertebrae coalesced
to form the sacrum. The tail is comparatively short. The
centrum of the backbone is sometimes found to be unossified,
forming a mere ring of bone, the interior being gelatinous.
This form of backbone is called “Notochordal,” and is cha-
racteristic of the oldest reptilia belonging to this group met
with fossil in the Coal Measures, such as the Anthracosaurus,
Archcegosaurus, and the Triassic Labyrinthodonts.

Order I. — ECAUDATA. (Tailless Batrachia, Frogs and

Toads.)

The body of adult is short, destitute of a tail, and furnished
with four limbs, of which the pelvic pair are the larger and
adapted for leaping. There are no gills in the adult. Skull
short and wide, with the parietals confluent with the frontals,
and the orbits usually undefined ; prsesacral vertebrae few in
number, and generally proccelous ; there is only one sacral
vertebra, and the vertebral column terminates in a longurostvle ;
dorsal ribs are usually absent. Ilia prolonged backwards, so as
to throw the acetabulum far behind the sacrum ; radius and ulna,
and tibia and fibula respectively fused together, calcaneum and
astragalus elongated : Four digits in the hand and five in the
foot ; an additional ossicle in the pes may represent the preliallux.

The tailless Batrachia (frogs and toads) do not date back
further in time than the Upper Eocene.

The European genus Bombinator is probably represented in
the Upper Miocene of Switzerland and the Middle Miocene of
Sansan, France. Another genus Bvfavus, occurs in the Middle
Tertiary of Italy. Felobates is found in the Miocene of Sansan,

63

Amphibia — Caudata.

an d Protop elobates in that of Bohemia. The extinct family of Table-case,
Palaeobatrachidae has teeth in the upper jaw and no ri bs ; it was No ’ 24 ’
widely distributed over the continent of Europe in Miocene Batrachia;
times, and was represented by a single genus Palceobatrachus , Toads’,
and more than a dozen species from various localities.

The true toads, Bufonidjs, have no teeth or dorsal ribs.

Existing species of the genus JBufo occur in the European and
Indian Pliocene deposits. P. Gesneri from the Upper Miocene
of Switzerland agrees closely with the living B. viridis. Dr.

Filhol records the type-genus from the Upper Eocene “Phos-
phate-deposits ” of France.

The huge Geratophrys cornutus , or Horned Frog of Brazil,
occurs in the Cave deposits of that country ; and the genus
Latonia in the Miocene of Switzerland.

The Ranidoe, or true frogs, have teeth in the upper jaw and
the extremities of the sacral ribs are not expanded. Species of
Bana are found in the Norfolk Forest Bed, in the Pleistocene
of Sardinia, the Miocene or Sansan; two are from the Brown
Coal of Rott, near Bonn, others from the Upper Eocene Phos-
phorites of Caylux, France ; several forms occur in the Middle
Tertiary of Italy, &c.

Order II. — CAUDATA. (Salamanders, &c.)

In this order the body of the animal resembles that of a Wall-case,
Lizard, or is still more elongated like that of an Eel ; in some No * 11 *
there are four limbs present, in others only the anterior pair are Table-case,

JN O. <^~r.

Fig, 83. — The great Fossil S ilamander Megalobatrachus (Crypt obranchus) Scheuchzeri
(Holl), from the Upper Miocene, CEninJen, Switzerland.

developed. The external gills of the larva are occasionally Salaman-
retained in the adult animal. Ilylceobatraclius is found in the tiers.
Wealden of Belgium and may be an ancestral form allied to the
Vroteidoc but distinguished by the presence of a maxilla and five
digits to the feet. (The only specimen known is in the Brussels
Museum.)

In the family of Amphiumidre is placed Megalobatrachus

Wall -case,
No. 11.

Table-case
No. 24.

Wall-case,
No. 11.

Table-

cases,

Nos. 23,
24.

64

Amphibia — Labyrinthodontia.

( Cryptobra rich us) represented by the gigantic Salamander (If-
maximus ) of China and Japan, with which we may probably
include the large Salamander from the Upper Miocene of Oenin-
gen, Switzerland, originally regarded as the remains of a fossil
man, and described by Scheuchzer as “ homo diluvii testis the
man who witnessed the Deluge !

Crypt obranchus Tschudii (Meyer) a much smaller form than
C. maximus , but with a skull of nearly the same form is from
the Miocene Brown-coal beds of Jtott, near Bonn, in the
Siebengebirge.

The true Salamanders lose their gills, when adult, but^ in
some individuals of Amblystoma they are persistent. Ihe
existing crested Newt ( Molge cnstata ) is found in the Norfolk
Forest-bed, other representatives occur in the Middle and Lower
Miocene of Europe. Chelotriton is found in the Lower Miocene
of Allier ; Heliarchon in the Brown Coal of Bonn, and Megalo-
triton in the Upper Eocene Phosphorites of Central France.

Order III. — LABYRINTHODONTIA.

In this order the body is long lizard-like (occasionally snake-
like in form) with a tail, the pectoral limbs shorter than the

supraoccipital ; F/i, epiotic; C, parietal;
Sq, squamosal; ST, supratemporal ; Q.J,
quadratojugal ; Ju, jugal; Pt, postfrontal;
TtO, postorbital; Fr , frontal; Fr.F, pre-
frontal ; L, lachrymal : Fa, nasal ; Mx,
maxilla; the premaxilla has no letter.
(After Fraas.)

Fig. 85.— Palatal asp> ei >t cranium of Masto-
ilonsaurus giganteus (Jaeger); from the
Lower Keuper of Wurtcmberg. (After
jiall.

Amphibia — Labyrinthodontia. G5

pelvic ; the feet pentadactyle. Skull with the temporal region Wall-case,
completely roofed over by the post-orbital and supra-temporal ^ 0 - 11 *
bones, with a parietal foramen. Teeth pointed, having a large Table-cases,
pulp-cavity and the dentine simple or plicated. Vertebrae amphi- Not, ‘ 23 ’
ccelous and ossified, but a notochordal canal is often present.

A bony thoracic buckler on the ventral aspect. Bony scutes
frequently present on the ventral aspect of the body. Teeth are
generally present on the palatines and vomer and more rarely on
the pterygoids. There is generally an ossified sclerotic ring.

Pig. 86. — Frontal aspect ot cranium
of Capitosaurus robustus (Meyer);
Middle Keuper (Upper Trias), near
Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg. Letters as
in Fig. 84. (^ nat. size.)

Fig. 87. — Frontal aspect of the cranium
of Metoposaurus diagnostics
(Meyer), Upper Trias, near Stutt-
gart. Letters as in Fig. 84. (i
nat. size.)

The Labyrinthodonts were frequently of large size; the
dentine of the teeth was usually plicated ; the cranial bones were
deeply sculptured and usually marked by numerous mucous
canals, similar to those observed in skulls of the higher Paria-
sauria and Crocodilia. Professor Seeley regards these groups
as directly descended from the Labyrinthodonts.

The Labyrinthodonts range from the Carboniferous to the
Trias, and were especially abundant in the Permian epoch.
One genus (Rhino saur us) persisted to Lower Jurassic times.

One of the largest of these forms is the Alas to dons at iru s
giganteus (Jager), from the Keuper of Wiirtemberg, the skull
of which measures a yard in length, and broad in proportion ;
the snout is obtuse, the nares are oval and widely separated ;
(1189) ' 6

Wall case,
No. 11.

Loxomma.

Wall-case.
No. 11.

66 Amphibia — Anthracosauridce.

the orbits are oval, but narrow in front, and are some distance
in advance of the parietal foramen ( see Fig. 84).

G api to s aunts and Metoposaurus occur in the Upper Trias of
Stuttgart ; in the former the orbits are elliptical, and approxi-
mate to the parietal foramen ; in the latter they are oval, and
situated in the anterior half of the skull, and widely separated
from one another. (Figs. 86, 87.)

Fig. 88 . — Loxomma AUmani (Huxley). Frontal aspect of cranium with the sculpture
omitted; from the Carboniferous of Northumberland. About ir, prefrontal.
Other letters as in Fig. 84. ( After Miall.)

In the Anthracosaurid^s, represented by Loxomma , the skull
is vaulted with a broad and somewhat spatulate muzzle ; the
length of skull being about 14 inches by 9 inches in breadth.
In this family the vertebral column is fully ossified in the
adult ; the teeth are deeply infolded ; the mucous canals
between the orbits and the nares form a lyre-shaped pattern,
known as the lyra ; and the ventral surface of the body typically
has a covering of bony scutes.

In Wall-case 11 is placed a very beautifully preserved skull
of a Labyrinthodont Reptile from the Coal Measures of Shrop-
shire, referred to Loxomma Allmani (Huxley). The specimen is
preserved uncrushed and shows the natural contour of the skull
and lower jaw, admirably preserved in clay-ironstone. It was
presented by George Maw, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

This family comprises Baphetes , from the Carboniferous of
Nova Scotia ; Anthracosaurus and Loxomma , from the Lower
Carboniferous of Burdieliouse, near Edinburgh, and the Coal
Measures of Lanarkshire and Northumberland; Macromerium ,

67

Diplospondylidce and Archcegosanridce.

from Bohemia ; Eosaurus , from Nova Scotia; Nyrania, from
Bohemia; Ichthy erpetum , from Jarrow Colliery, Kilkenny ; Den -
drerpetum , from the Lowest Permian, Bohemia; Brachyops ,
from the Permian, Mangali, India; Bothriceps and Micropholis ,
from South Africa.

Fig. 89. — Bothriceps huxleyi (Lydekker). Frontal aspect of the skull ; from the
Karoo system of the Orange Free State, South Africa,

In Bothriceps the surface of the cranium is closely and
irregularly pitted ; the orbits are placed near the middle of the
skull. This small form measures about 2^ inches in length, and
2 in breadth. It was obtained from the Karoo beds (Triassic?)
of South Africa.

In the Diplospondylidj: the vertebrm, at least in the caudal
region, consist of an anterior centrum carrying the neural arch,
and a posterior intercentrum to which the chevrons are united ;
these intercentra correspond with those of Glepsy drops among
the Anomodontia. This type of structure being known as
emholomerous.

In Gricotus the skull is long and triangular with a narrow
muzzle, and the ovoid orbits are situated in the hinder half;
the cranial bones are sculptured; the vertebral bodies are per-
forated ; the tail long and the body protected by scutes. (This
is not at present represented in the Collection.)

In the AiiCHiEGOSAUKiD^ each vertebra of the trunk, in Tri-
merorachis and Archcegosaurus , consists of four portions,* namely,
a basal intercentrum (hypocentrum), a pair of pleurocentra,
and a neural arch. This is known as the rhachitomous type of
vertebra. These are Labyrinth odonts of moderate size, having
cylindrical teeth of varying size with only slight infoldings of

* See Fig. 92, infra, p. 69 ; vertebra of Euchirosaurus , illustrating this
rhachitomous type of vertebra.

6 2

Table-cases,
Nos. 23 and
24.

Wall-case,
No. 11.

68

Amphibia — Archcegosaurus , etc.

the dentine ; the upper surface of the skull being pitted ; the
supra-occipitals ridged ; a ring of hones is usually developed in
the sclerotic ; the ventral surface of the body is always covered
with scutes. This family is evidently the most primitive one
of the entire group.

A B

Fig. 90 .—Cricotus heteroclitus (Cope).— Ventral scutes (A), and frontal aspect of the
cranium (B) ; from the reputed Permian of Texas. ( After Cope.)

Wall-case, The genus Archa>gosaurus, represented by A. Decheni (Gold-

No. ll. fuss), from the Lower Permian “ Rothliegendes” of Saarbriick,

Rhenish Prussia, is particularly well represented in the Col-
lection by a remarkably good series of examples. This genus
is confined to the Permian formation, and may be taken as
the type of the family. The skull is nearly twice as long as
it is broad, with elongate-oval orbits, and situated very-far
back; length of skull 11 inches.

Platyoposaurus is closely allied in cranial characters to
Archcegosaurus , but the infoldings of the teeth are sinuous
instead of straight, and the orbits are more rounded. This
genus is found in the Permian (Zeclistein) of Russia.

A mp hi bia. — A rchcegosaurus, etc .

69

ig 91..— -A rchcegosaiirus Decheni (Goldfuss). — Frontal aspect of the cranium, with the
sculpture omitted; from the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Saarbriick. About
f mx ' premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; A a, nasal; La, lachrymal; Fr, frontal; PF, pre-
frontal ; i a, parietal; Ptf, postfrontal; PtO, post-orbital; Ju, jugal: QJ, quadrato-
^squamosal; ST, supratemporal ; Ep, epiotic ; SO, supraoccipital. ( After

Fig. 92. — A, Left lateral aspect ; B, posterior aspect of a vertebra of Euchiromurus Rocliei
(Gaudry). from the Lower Permian of France, n , Neural spine with lateral expan-
sions, al; s, suture between spine and arch ; za, prezygapophysis ; zp, postzygapo-
physis ; d, transverse process ; c, rib facet ; cr, neural canal ; ic, intercentrum ; pic,
pleurocentra (illustrating the rhachitomous type of vertebra). ( After Prof. Gaudry.)

Wall-case,
No. 11.

Wall-case,
No. 11.

Table-case,
No. 23.

70 Amphibia — Microsauria.

In Actinodon the skull is short and wide, with the circulai
orbits placed in the middle of the length ; the nostrils are laige
and widely separated, the muzzle is broad. A skull of this
species is preserved in the Collection on a slab of shale from the
Lower Permian of Autun, Saone et Loire, I ranee, and a cast o
an entire skeleton from the same locality, presented by Prof.
A. Gaudry, is exhibited in the Wall-case (hig. 93).

Fig. 93 .— Actinodon latirostris (Jordan, sp.).— Frontal aspect of the cranium, with the

sculpture omitted; from the Lower Permian of Saarbruck. | Pt.F., postfrontal ;

Pmx, premaxilla ; other letters as in Fig. 84 (p. 64).

Oochleosaurus , Gaudrya, Chelyosaurus, and Sparagmites, are
Labyrinthodonts from the Permian Gas-coal of Bohemia, dis-
covered and described by Dr. Fritsch, of Prague. Trimerorhachis
is from the Permian of Texas. Eryops occurs in Texas, and
also in South Africa. Bhytidosteus is from the Orange Free
State, and Pholidog aster from the Lower Carboniferous of
Edinburgh.

Sub-order 1.— Microsauria.

This sub-order contains a number of salamander-like forms
of Labyrinthodonts referred to the family Urocordtlidjs, and to
the genera Urocordylus , Ceraterpetum , Lepterpetum , from Kil-
kenny, Ireland, and from Bohemia. Limnerpetum , from
Bohemia, occupies a family by itself. The HvLONOMiDiE include
Hylonomus , Seeley a, Bicnodon , Orthopleurosaurus, all from the
Gas-coal of Bohemia. Microhrachis , also from Nyran, Bohemia,
occupies a distinct family. Most of these are represented by
electrotypes of the original fossils.

Aistopoda and Branchiosauria.

71

Sub-order Aistopoda.

In this sub-order the body is snake-like without legs, and
there is neither a pectoral nor pelvic girdle ; the centra of the
vertebras are elongated, and the neural spines aborted. It
includes Dolichosoma and Ophiderpetum (Huxley) from the coal
of Ireland and the Permian of Bohemia.

Sub-order Branchiosauria.

These are short-tailed salamander-like Labyrinthodonts
with barrel-shaped centra, and a notochordal canal through
their vertebrae.

The family Apateonidj: includes Melanerpetum from Bohemia;
and the family Protritonidjs the genera Protriton of Gaudry
from the Lower Permian of Autun, and Bohemia ; Sparodus and
Daivsonia also from the last-named locality.

Among doubtful Labyrinthodonts may be recorded here,
Bepidotosaurus DuJJii from the M. Permian of Midderidge,
Durham. Some of the Ichnites (Footprints) were doubtless
made by Amphibians ; they are mentioned under that head in
Gallery No. 11 . (see infra , p. 98 of this Guide, Fig. 94).

Wall-case,
No. 11.

Table-case
No. 23.

Table-case,
No, 24.

Wall-case,
No. 11.

72

Foss-il Fishes.

Fossil

Fishes.

Gallery
No. 6 on
Plan.

Wall-oases.
Ncs. i, 2,
and 3.

GALLERIES RUNNING NORTH FROM THE
REPTILIAN GALLERY.

There are seven Galleries running at right angles to the
Reptilian Gallery (see Plan facing p. 108), about 140 feet in
length ; three of which are forty feet in breadth, and four are
of half that width. The first narrow gallery is occupied by the
General Library.

Class V.— PISCES (Fishes).*

The first wide Gallery (No. 6, on Plan), is devoted to the
exhibition of the Fossil Fishes, and contains thirty-two Table-
cases, and about 260 feet linear of Wall-cases.

Here are exhibited the finest collection of Fossil Fishes ever
brought together in any museum. This class was always well
represented, but it has lately received two splendid additions by
the acquisition of the famous collection of the Earl of Ennis-
killen, from Florence Court, Ireland ; and that of the late Sir
Philip de Malpas Grey-Egerton, Bart., M.P. (Trustee of the
British Museum), of Oulton Park, Tarporley, Cheshire; both
obtained in 1882.

Orders I., II.— PLAGIOSTOMI and CHHYUEROIDEI.

Wall-cases Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are entirely occupied with the
Plagiostomatous fishes (sharks and rays) ; the specimens ex-
hibited comprise a very large series of “ Iclithyodorulites ” (fish
spines) followed by the Hybodontidce , Gestraciontidce , and more
modern families of the Order.

The “ Ichthyodorulites ” include spines of Gyracanthus and
Gtenacanthus , from the Upper and Lower Carboniferous, and
Or acanthus, etc., from the Carboniferous limestone. To these
succeeds a fine series of remains of heads with teeth, spines,
and the “shagreen” skin of Hybodus and Acrodus, from the
Lias of Lyme Regis. Many of these show' also the curious
recurved dermal spines, named Sphenonchus by Agassiz, who
constituted a distinct genus for their reception. There are tw r o
on each side of the head, one near the posterior border of the
orbit, and the second a little further backward.

Wall-case No. 3 is devoted to the remaining Selachians, the
most noteworthy of which are the well preserved sharks and
rays from the Cretaceous formation of the Lebanon. The
case also contains several specimens of Chimoeroids, including
the very singular fish named Squaloraj a polyspondyla, from the

* See also separate Illustrated “ Guide to the Fossil Fishes.”

Pisces — Plagiostomi and Ghimceroidei. 73

Lias of Lyme Regis. On the adjoining pillar a large example of
an extinct ray, I Ihinobatus bugesiacus, from the Lithographic stone
of Bavaria, is exhibited ; and there are other smaller specimens,
from a corresponding formation near Lyons, in the case.

The first nine Table-cases on the West side of Gallery A.
are also devoted to the Plagiostomi , and Ghimceroidei , com-
prising the Carchariidce, Lamnidce , Notidanidce , Hybodontidce,
Gestraciontidce , Myliobatidce , Paiidce , Torpedinidce , Squatinidce ,
Pleuracanthidce , and the Edaphodontidce, whose modern repre-
sentatives, the sharks, rays, and chimseras, are most widely
distributed in the seas of to-day.

There is great difficulty in obtaining satisfactory evidence
for the correct determination of these cartilaginous fishes in a
fossil state. Thus in the sharks we have only the spines, teeth,
and shagreen left : all else has disappeared, save some few of
the vertebras in the Chalk and London Clay; the backbone of the
earlier sharks appears to have been quite “ notochordal.” Even
the spines and teeth are not always found in association in the
same deposit, so that one cannot with certainty affirm that they
belonged to the same fish. In many instances teeth and spines,
originally placed in separate genera, have now been determined
by correlation to belong to the same fish. Thus for example: —
The spines named Pleur acanthus, from the Coal Measures, belong
to the teeth called Diplodus, from the same beds. Asteracanthus
spines found with Strophodus teeth are evidently parts of the
same fish ; while Leptacanthus spines, found in the same matrix
with Chimasroid jaws, in the Chalk, the Stonesfield Slate, and
in the Solenhofen stone, furnish conclusive evidence of their
union in the same fish. There can be no doubt that Myria-
canthus spines in like manner belonged to extinct genera of
chimeras. The teeth and spines of both Acrodus and Hybodus
have now each been found in their true association, so that we
know certainly the forms belonging to each genus. Again,
many forms of crushing teeth which had been made into distinct
species, are now known to occur in the jaws of the same fish.
Th us the teeth named Strophodus magnus , and others named
favosus , may be seen in the mandible of the same individual.

The wide distribution, both geographically and geologically,
of the sharks is very remarkable. Teeth of the genus Gar.
charodon have been met with in Tertiary deposits in ISTew
Zealand, Jamaica, Carolina, Malta, Egypt, in the Antwerp and
Suffolk Crags, and elsewhere : and several species of other
srenera are found common to the lower Tertiaries both of

p

Europe, America, and Australia. Sharks’ teeth, were also
dredged up, in numerous localities, from the bed of the ocean
during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, so that teeth of shai'ks
will form a marked feature in the deposits now in process of
formation in the depths of the sea.

Gallery,

No. 6.

Fossil
Fishes.
Wall-case,
No. 3.

Sharks,
Rays, and
Chimseras.
Table-cases,
Nos. 25 to
34.

Teeth and
Spines of
Sharks.

Acrodus

and

Hybodus.

Carcharo

don.

Fossil

Fishes.

74

Gallery,

No. 6.

Wall-case,
No. 5.
Table-case,
No. 36.

Wall-case,
No. 4.

Table-case,
No. 35.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 5 to 7.

Wall-case,
No. 8.

Table-cases,
No. 37-39.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 9 to 14

Pisces — Dipnoi and Ganoidei.

Order III.— DIPNOI.

The Dipnoi form a very peculiar order of fishes, having a
a notochordal skeleton. To it belong the living Protopterus ,
Lepidosiren , and Ceratodus. Teeth, indistinguishable in cha-
racter from the modern Ceratodus , are abundant in the Trias,
Rhaetic, and Oolitic formations. Dipterus occurs in the Devonian,
Ctenodus in the Carboniferous. Several other genera are also
represented.

Order IV.— GANOIDEI.

In Wall-case No. 4 follow the Acantliodians, represented by
Cheir acanthus, from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Lethen liar
and Tynet Burn, and from the equivalent beds of Forfarshire.
To these succeed the Placoderms (Pterichthys, Coccosteus ,
Asterolepis) , and in Table-cases Nos. 34, 35, are placed many of
the smaller Acanthodians, and the Cephalaspidce ( Cephalaspis ,
Scaphaspis , Pteraspis, &c.), from the Scottish Old Red, and from
Herefordshire. Two fine reproductions of the shield of the
Placoderm Homosteus are also placed on the pillar between
Wall-cases Nos. 4 and 5. The original specimens were obtained
from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Caithness, and are now
in the Edinburgh Museum.

In Wall-cases 5 — 15 are arranged the true fishes of the
order Ganoidei. The first sub-order (Crossopterygii) occupies
cases 5 to 7, and embraces the Hotoptychiidce ( Ho lopty chius,
Glyptolepis ) ; Bhizodontidce (Tristichopterus and Gyroptychius
from the Old Red Sandstone, and Bhizodus from the Lower
Carboniferous of Scotland) ; the Saurodipteridce (Osteolepis and
Diplopterus , from the Old Red Sandstone, and Megalichthys from
the Carboniferous) ; and lastly, the Codacanthidce , remarkable for
their long range in geological time ( Coelacanthus occurring in
the Carboniferous and Permian, Holophagus in the Lias, JJndina
in the Oolites, and Macropoina in the Chalk).

Wall-case 8, and a portion of No. 7, contain remains of the
second sub-order of Ganoids, the Acipenseroidei. These are
represented by the true Sturgeons (Acipenser) from the London
Clay of Sheppey; by Ghondrosteus and Gyrosteus from the Lias, by
the Palceoniscidce , including Chirolepis, Pygopterus , Acrolepis, and
Oxygnathus, from the Old Red Sandstone to the Lias inclusive,
followed by the Platysomidce, represented by the genus Platysomus.

Wall-cases Nos. 9 to 14 comprise all the genera included in
the great sub-order of the Lepidosteoidei (fishes Avith rhom-
boidal scales) represented by the genera Eugnathus , Lepidotus ,
Heterolepidotus, Dapedius, Pholidophorus , Semionotus , Aspido-
rhynchus , Gyrodus, &c.

In Wall-case No. 15 are placed the fossil fishes of the sub-

Wall-case,
No. 15.

Pisces — Teleostei.

75

order Amioidei, represented by the genera Caturus , Leptolepis ,
Thrissops, &c.

Order V.— TELEOSTEI.

The remaining Wall-cases (Nos. 16 — 18) contain the order of
Teleostei (fishes with a well-developed, bony skeleton). The
E sodden (the pike), Glupeidce (the herrings), and Salmonidce
(the salmon and trout), including the genera Esox, Glupea ,
Osmeroides , with the Percidce (or perches), Perea , Smerdis, &c.

Wall-cases Nos. 17 and 18 contain the Cretaceous, spiny-
finned fishes of the genera Beryx and PLoplopteryx , and the Eocene
fishes from the Canton Glaris slates, of the genus Anenchelum ,
&c., together with the Percidce (perch family), and the curious
thread-fin, Gastronemus , from Monte Bolca.

The Table-cases follow the same arrangement as is observable
in the Wall-cases, varied only by the size and number of the
specimens by which each family is represented.

This terminates the series of Vertebrate fossils, and in the
next Gallery we commence with the Invertebrata (animals
without a backbone) — such as Cuttlefishes, Snails, Oysters,
Insects, Crabs and Lobsters, Worms, Sea-urchins, Corals, &c.

Invertebrate Animals.

Sub-Kingdom 1. — Mollusca (Soft-bodied animals).

Division A. — Mollusca (proper).

Class 1. — Cephalopoda.

In Narrow Gallery (No. 7 on Plan) are displayed the fossil
Cephalopoda,* being the first section of the Invertebrate
animals and the highest division of the Molluscan Class.

The animals of this class are all marine, and are provided
with long feelers or tentacles (sometimes called feet) attached
to the head around the mouth, whence the name Cephalopoda,
or “head-footed,” is derived. Here are placed the fossil repre-
sentatives of the existing Octopus , and the Squids and Cuttle-
fishes, the delicate Paper Nautilus and Spirilla, also the Pearly
Nautilus. These are divided into two great groups, the
Pibranchiata, or two-gilled, and the Tetrabranchiata , or four-
gilled Cephalopods.

The first of these includes the most active free-swimming
forms to which all the living genera belong. One solitary
form, a survivor of the second or Tetr abranchiate division,
namely “the Pearly Nautilus,” is still found living in the
Indian Ocean.

* From K£^aX>), head, and irovg , iroSog , a foot ; hence “ head-footed.”

Fossil

Fishes.

Gallery,

No. 6.
Wall-cases,
Nos. 16 to
18.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 17 and
18.

Table-cases,
Nos. 49 to
56.

Mollusca.

Cephalo-

poda.

Gallery,
No. 7
on Plan.

Mollusca — Cephalopoda.

r*

/b

Gallery,

No. 7
on Plan.

Cephalo-

poda,

Wall-case,
No. 1.

Table-case,
No. 58.

Belemnites.

Wall-case,
No. 14.
Table-case,
No. 58.

Ink-bag - ol
the Cuttle
(Sepia).

Beaks of
Cuttle-
fishes.

Turrilites,

Baculites

etc.

Most of them have a delicate internal shell, often quite
minute, or rudimentary, as in Octopus, or divided into chambers
by septa or partitions, as in Spirula.

The delicate shells of Spirulirostra , Beloptera, &c. (Table-
case, No. 58), occur in the Miocene and Eocene Strata. Im-
pressions of “ Squids ” showing the soft parts of the bcdy, the
arms, and the “ ink-bag” are found in the Chalk of the Lebanon,
Syria; the Oxford Clay of Wiltshire; the Solenliofen limestone
of Bavaria ; and the Lias of Lyme Regis, &c. (Table-case, .No.
58; Wall-case, No. 1).

The “ Belemnite,” so common a fossil in the Cretaceous and
Oolitic rocks, is only the shelly extremity or “ guard ” (like the
tip of a spear, or dart, without barbs), forming part of the
internal shell of an extinct kind of Squid, or Cuttlefish, which,
when perfect, had a chambered upper portion to its shell (called
the phragmocone) , and a pearly extension beyond (called the
pro-ostracum) . Some nearly perfect examples have been found
in the Lias and Oxford Clay (see Wall-case). The arms
were provided with booklets as well as suckers for holding fast
its prey, and each animal had an ink-bag that secreted an inky
fluid (known as sepia, and used as a pigment by artists), which
could be ejected into the water at pleasure, so as to conceal the
animal’s retreat by a cloud of inky blackness (Wall-case, No.
14, and Table-case, No. 58).

They all had strong horny or shelly mandibles, resembling a
parrot’s beak ; these are frequently met with in a fossil state.

By far the largest proportion of the fossil forms, however,
belong to the Tetrabranchiate, or four-gilled division, repre-
sented at the present day by the “ Pearly Nautilus ” of the Indian
Ocean. These were less active forms than the Squids and
Cuttlefishes ; and instead of having, like them, an internal
shell, they had a strong external one with a pearly lining, in the
large body-chamber of which the soft parts of the animal was
enclosed. The rest of the shell is divided by septa or parti-
tions into a series of chambers usually filled with fluid, through
which a tube passes called the “ siphuncle.” These are merely
the earlier and disused chambers of the animal’s shell which had
been inhabited when it was younger, and have been gradually
closed off and abandoned as the increased growth of its soft
parts required a larger habitation.

All the beautiful and varied forms of Turrilites , Baculites,
Ammonites , Ceratites , Goniatites , Ortho ceratites , &c., belong to
this great division of the Cephalopoda.

The shells of the Pearly Nautilus have been obtained in
large numbers from the London Clay of Highgate, Hampstead,
and the Isle of Slieppy. Beautiful examples of these and of
the little Nautilus ( Aturia ) zic-zac may be seen in the Table
and Wall-cases. The Ammouites in infinite variety of pattern

Pteropoda , Gasteropoda , etc. 77

occur from the close of the Cretaceous period to the base of the
Secondary rocks ; followed by Geratites in the Trias, and
Goniatites in the Carboniferous formation, their variations in
form and in ornament being only modifications of the shells
of the same family.

The older forms chiefly belong to the straight Orthoceratites ,
having shells like a Nautilus but uncurled and straightened out,
or to curious forms, having various degrees of curvature in the
shell, between the straight Orthoceras and the involute Nautilus
and Ammonite. These variations are also found in many genera
of Cephalopod Shells of the Chalk period. A fuller descrip-
tion of the contents of this Gallery will be given in a small
separate Guide in preparation, which will be issued as soon as
the cases are completely arranged.

Class 2. — Pteropoda (Wing-shells).

A single Table-case is devoted to this curious division of
Mollusca, represented at the present day by small oceanic
animals, whose entire life is passed in the open sea far away
from any land, swimming by means of two wing-like appen-
dages, one on each side of the head. The Pteropods had their
representatives far back in past geological time.

In the Miocene beds of Bordeaux, Dax, Turin, Sicily, and
in . the Suffolk Crag, small delicate shells occur, like the
existing genera — Hyalea , Vaginella, Cuvieria ; whilst in the Car-
boniferous, Devonian, and Silurian many species are met with,
as Gonularia, Hyolithes (Theca), &c., which attained a large
size compared with the minute shells of living members of this
class.

Gallery (No. 8 on Plan). — The second of the wide Galleries
has thirty-two Table-cases, and Wall-cases corresponding
with Gallery No. 6. In it are placed the remaining groups
of the Mollusca, viz., the Gasteropoda, the Lamellibranchiata,
and the Brachiopoda. It also contains the Polyzoa, the Insecta
and Crustacea, the Annelida, and Echinodermata.

Class 3.— Gasteropoda (Snails, Whelks, &c.).

Class 4.— Lamellibranchiata* (Oysters, Cockles, &c.).

The fossil shells of the above groups occupy the whole of the
West or left side of this Gallery and a small portion of the East
or right side. Wall-cases Nos. 1 to 9 contain the Foreign Mol-
lusca, and Table-cases Nos. 89 to 104 the British specimens of
the same group. The Gasteropods, or Univalves, are placed
first in each case, and the Lamellibranchs, or Bivalves, follow
them. The whole series is subordinatelv arranged in strati-

# Called also Pelecypodci, by Goldfuss (1820).

Mollusca.

Gallery,
No. 7.

Cephalo-

poda.

Orthoceras.

Wall-case,
No. 8.

Pteropoda.

Gallery,
No. 7
ou Plan.

Table-case,
No. 72.

Gallery,

No. 8
on Plan.

Wall cases.
Nos. 1 to 9.
Table-cases
Nos. 89 to
104.

Mollusca.

Gallery,
No. 8 on
Plan.

West side.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 1, 2, 3,
and 4.
Table-cases,
Nos. 100
and 101.

Cerithium

giganteum.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 5 and 6.

Table-case,
No. 93.
Wall-case,

No. 7.

Table-cases,
Nos. 92 to
98.

Gallery,

No. 8.

East side.

Table-cases,
Nos. 85, 86,
87, and 88.

78 Lamellibranchiata , Brachiopoda.

Graphical order, commencing witli the most recent deposits,
snch as the Peat, Raised-Beaches, Glacial deposits, and going
hack in time to the Silurian and Cambrian periods.

Attention is drawn to the fine series ot“ Mollusca from the
French, Italian, and English Tertiary strata, particularly to
the beautiful collection of shells from the Eocene strata
of the Paris Basin (Wall-cases Nos. 3 and 4), and the Miocene
of Bordeaux (Wall-cases Nos. 1, 2, and 3), to our own
Eocene shells from Highgate, Bracklesliam, Barton, and the
Isle of Wight (see Table-cases Nos. 100, 101). This Molluscan
fauna of the South-east of England indicates the former exist-
ence of a much warmer climate in Britain than we now
experience; for such genera as Conus and Voluta, then so
abundant, do not now live on our coasts, but must be sought

for in subtropical seas. _ „

A fine specimen of Ceritliium giganteum from the Eocene ot
the Paris Basin is placed under a glass-case between Wall-
cases 3 and 4. In the centre of this Gallery is placed a fine
slab of “ Petworth Marble,” entirely composed of the shells of a
fresh-water snail Vivipara ( Paludina ) fiuviomm, Sby. The
elegant columns of the Temple Church, Fleet Street, are made
of this marble from the Weald of Sussex.

In Wall-cases Nos. 5 and 6 are placed the curious shells
called Hippurites, allied to the existing Chamas. They probably
lived clustered in Coral-reefs like their modern representatives.
They are seldom met with in the Cretaceous rocks of this
country, but the “ Hippurite limestone ” is largely developed on
the Continent, in France, Spain, and Italy ; it also occurs in the

East and West Indies. .

Among the Oolitic and Cretaceous Mollusca may be noticed

the shells°of three genera, rarely obtained living in the seas of
to-day, namely , Pleurotomaria (Table-case No. 93 and Wall-case
No. i)\ Pholadomya and Trigonia (Table-cases Nos. 92 to 98).
Only four recent species of Pleurotomaria, represented bv 13
specimens, have been obtained. As many as 1,156 species are
recorded fossil, ranging from the Tertiaries to the Silurian
formation, but mostly found in the Oolitic and older rocks. A
single living species of Pholadomya is known from the West
Indies ; whilst Trigonia only occurs in the seas of Australia.

Division B. — Molluscoida.

Class 5. Brachiopoda (“ Lamp-shells,” ex. Terebratula ) .

The British collection of Braehiopods, or “Lamp-shells,”
occupies Table-cases Nos. 85, 86, 87, and 88. The Tertiary,
Cretaceous, Oolitic, Carboniferous, and Devonian forms being

79

Polyzoa , Annulosa , etc.

well represented, also those of the Upper and Lower Silurian Gallery,
strata. No. 8

t he foreign species occupy Wall-cases Nos. 10 and 11. The Eas^side.
.orach] opoda were most carefully studied by the late Mr. Thomas Wall-cases,
iJavidson, LL.D., F.R.S., who devoted his whole life to the Nos - 10 and
^lustration and description of this class of the Mollusca. 1L
Many o± the specimens figured by him may be seen in the
cases. In 1886 he bequeathed his entire collection to the
JNcilion, and it is exhibited in Gallery No. 11.

Class 6. Polyzoa (Sea-mats and horny Corallines).

These elegant organisms, so frequently found upon the sea- Table-case,
shore, and often confounded with sea-weeds (Algae), are really £L°* 84 -

01 _ calcareous composite habitations of numerous No l2 aSe
distinct but similar microscopic zooids, each individual occupy-
ing a minute double-walled sac, in a common habitation, called
a ccencecium.

They are met with in great variety of form in the Coralline
Ciag of Suffolk, in the Miocene of Dax, Bordeaux, and Touraine
and more rarely in the Eocene beds of the London and Paris
Basin.

, Beautiful masses of Fenestella are found in the Permian or
Magnesian Limestone of Durham, and in the Permo-Carboni-
ferous rocks of Australia and Tasmania. The Polyzoa of the
Carboniferous formation are also numerous and varied. The
most singular of these is the Archimedipora, which has its
ccencecium, or polyzoarium , arranged around a central screw-like
axis, giving it a most elegant geometrical form.

Sub-Kingdom 2. — Annulosa.

Division A.— Arthropoda (Jointed Animals).

Class 7.— Insecta (ex. Beetles, Flies, Bees, &c.).
y> ^ • Myriapoda (ex. Centipedes, Millipedes).

” Arachnida (ex. Spiders, Scorpions, &c.).

Insects, Myriapods, and Arachnida are very rare in the rock- Insects,
formations of this country. They have, however, been met
with in considerable numbers in the Eocene strata of Gurnet
Bay, Isle of Wight, in the Purbeck Beds of Swanage, Dorset, in
the Great Oolite of Stonesfield, the Lias of Warwickshire, the
Coal Measures of Coalbrook-dale, and Scotland, &c. (see Table-
case No. 84). They are more abundant in the Browm Coal of Table - c ase,
Bonn ; in the Amber from the Miocene Beds of Samland on the N °' 84 ‘

Baltic ; from CEningen, near Constance ; and from the Litho-

Gallery,

No. 8.
Insects.

See Wall-
case, No. 12.

Crustacea.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 12, 13,
and 14,

Table-cases,
Nos. 80 to
83.

Table-case,

No. 80.

Wall-case,

No. 14b.

See Wall-
case, No. 13.

Table-case,
No. 79, and
Wall-case,
No. 15.

gO Crustacea , Annelida , etc.

graphic stone of Solenhofen, Bavaria. From tlie last-named

locality beautiful Dragon-flies (Ubellulw ) I and numerous other

o-enera have been obtained ( see AVall-case -No. 1-J.

&

Class 10. — Crustacea (ex. Crabs and Lobsters).

The Foreign Crustacea occupy Wall-cases Nos. 12, 13, and
14, and the British forms fill four-and-a-halt ot the ad]omm„
Table-eases, Nos. 80 to 83. Those British specimens too large
for the Table-cases are arranged on the top shell ot the 'V a -
cases. Attention is directed to Table-case No. 80, m which
is exhibited a fine series of Trilobites from the We loch
shale and limestone near Dudley. Many ot these Silui < .
Crustaceans are remarkable for great beauty and '-anetj ot
form, and exhibit in some instances (as m Phacops) the singular
compound eyes, peculiar to the Arthropoda ; and m Encrmnrus,

the eyes placed upon long eyestalks. , a

The largest of the British Trilobites (Paradoxides) exceeds
2 feet in length (see Wall-case No. 14 b) whilst the nearly-
allied genus Pterygotus , from the Old Red Sandstone of 1 or ai-
shire, measured fully 5 feet m length (see W all-case lo).

Other specimens of this class are hxed on the W all adjomin^.

Division B. — An arthropoda.

Class 11. — Annelida (ex. Earth-worms, Sand-worms, lube-

worms, &c.)

Sea-worms (Table-case No. 79 and Wall-case No L>), being
soft-bodied animals, are seldom preserved m a fossil state ; but
their existence is proved by the tracks, burrows, and w orm-
castings which they have left on the wet mud and upon the
ripple-marked sands of the old sea-shores, before these had
become hardened into shales and sandstones ; their microscopic
teeth have also been found as fossils m the Lower Palaeozoic
rocks.* Some species form shelly tubes, t and these are fre-
quently found in rooks both of Palaeozoic and Secondary age.

Sub- Kingdom 3 . — Echinodekmata (Spiny-skinned Animals).

11

11

H

Division A.

Echinozoa.

Class 12. Eeliinoidea( Sea-urchins).

13. Asteroidea (Star-fishes).

14. Ophiuroidea (Brittle-

stars).

15. Holothuroidea.

* See an account of these with figures by Dr. G. J. Ilinde, F.G.S., “ Quart.

Journ.” Geol. Soc., bond., 18/9. , ™ .

f These worms are called “ Tubicolar Annelids,’ or Tube-worms.

Division B.
Pelmatozoa.

Class 16. Crinoidea

(Stone-lilies).

17. Cystoidea.

18. Blastoidea.

55

Echinodermcila.

81

gl ' ou P ed in tllis division are very different in
a more nr l’ 7 , m hav, "S r thcir soft parts enclosed within

pktes dri f 1,d ealcareOU ? COTe ™£, composed of numerous

plates, disposed usuaUy m a distinctly radial arrangement.

o ' . . 1S “''J 1 Structure is particularly observable in the

variX nfT (EcUnmd i a - ■>’ ? hose teste, °f marvellous beauty and
spines 1 T 1 ' aie ’ A™ hvm =’ covered with rows of moveable
sucl ers in l h Serv !- as def ™ ces - andaid the ambulacral tubes or
77 , T^Ti The *P ine *’ whioh a ™ calcareous, vary

A™ len f l and form > being often very minute, but some
times of great thickness, or of extraordinary length Manv

examples of these are exhibited. Some of the latest of the

Mol-att eA ’ nrc lln ®, palled Clypeaster , are from the quarries of
Xokattam, near Cairo, whence the Nummulitic Stone used in

Tim V P "V “ e ? yramid8 ’ was q aai 'ried (Wall-case No. 15).

Table-cases°Nos. 1 7 T ^ 0Wk and °° Ute are P laced in

nnd“p-»t th ° St f r ' fis b. es the magnificent series of Pentaqonaster

the r™7V mm i u Chalk , ; the fine 8olaster M oretoni s , from
e Gi eat Oohte, With thirty-three arms; and the five-raved

S tell aster Sharpu from the Northampton Ironstone, deseWe
special notice. (Table-case No. 76.)

n/l Th V; Bn 7 ta '” such as Ophioderma Eqertoni, from
the Lias of Lyme Regis, and others of Silurian age, resemble
lose now found living on our own coasts. (Table-case No 75 )

4. the Stone-Lilies (Crixoidea), so rare in our modern seas
periods 1106 abundant in the Secondary and Paleozoic

„ They were fixed during life to the sea-bottom by means of a
flexible stalk The body was of variable shape, but covered bv
calcareous plates, and surmounted by branched arms from five
to ten m number.

The most striking objects of this group are the Lily-encri-
nites (Encrmus hUiformis), from the Musehelkalk of Bruns-
wick (Wall-case No. 17); the Pear-enerinite (Apiocrinus

7 m , the t .?? df01 ’ d Clay - of Wiltshire (Table-case
t,°i'i ' the he arrtiful E.rtracnnus Hiemeri, from the Lias of
ImiIJ, YVurtemberg, and the Extracrinus fossilis from Lyme
Kegis, Dorset (Wall-case No. 16 and Table-case No. 74).

Placed on the wall, near the case of Lias Pentacrinites is a
fine polished slab of “ Entrochal or Encrinital marble ” from
Derbyshire, almost entirely composed of the broken stems of
Achnocnnt (Stone-lilies), from the Carboniferous limestone
1 he cases containing the older forms, from the Wenlock lime
stone (U. Silurian), near Dudley, are deserving of special
notice ; also the fine series of North American Carboniferous
and Silurian genera (Wall-cases Nos. 17 and 18).

The curious and anomalous forms of Cystoidea and Blashidea

(1189)

Gallery,

No. 8
on Plan,
East side.

Echinoidea,

Sea-

Urchins.

Wall-case,
No. 15.
Table-cases,
Nos. 76 to
78.

Star-fishes.

Table-case,
No. 76.

Brittle-

stars.

Stone-lilies.

Wall-case,
No. 17.

^able-case,

No. 75.

Wall-case,
No. 16, and
Table-case,

No. 74,

Wall-cases,
Nos. 17 and
18.

82

Actinozoa — Corals , etc.

Gallery,

No. 8.

Holothu-
roidea ; (sea-
cucumbers).

from the Carboniferous and Silurian rocks, are very well repie-
sen ted hero.

5. The Holothuroidea , which have no hard test, properly so
called, and in which the body is vermiform, have small plates
and spicules scattered through the skin. Those of Synapta
(shaped like microscopic anchors) and of Chirodota (like minute
wheels) have been found by washing the decomposed shales ot
the Carboniferous limestone of the East of Scotland. .

Narrow Gallery, No. 9 on Plan (seep. 108 ).— This is retained
for study purposes, and contains also the Geological Library.

Gallery No. 10 on Plan— This is the third of the wide
Galleries, and contains upon its A estern side :

Sub-Kingdom 4 . — CCELENTERATA.

Class 19. — Actinozoa (Rayed Animals).

Gallery,

No. 10
on Plan,
West side.

Corals.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 1-6.

Table-cases,
Nos. 1-9.

This group embraces the “Sea Anemones,” the Alcyonaria,
and the true corals.

The Sea Anemones have no hard parts or skeleton, and
are therefore unknown in a fossil state, but they serve admirably
to exemplify by their soft parts the structure of the coral -

P ° lj The cylindrical body of the Sea Anemone is tough, flexible,
and elastic, with a sucker-like expansion at the base, by which
it attaches itself to rocks, &c. The month is placed on the
„ ummit, and is encircled by numerous flexible retractile ten-
tacles, resembling when expanded the petals of a flower.

The mouth leads directly into the stomach, which opens
below into the general visceral cavity. The space surrounding
the stomach is divided into a number of compartments by a
series of radiating vertical partitions known as the “mesen-
teries,” which take their rise from the inner surface of the body
wall, and are attached to the external surface of the stomach;
they are also continued downwards to the base of the visceral
cavity, although less largely developed.

The spaces between the mesenteries are connected with t he
general visceral cavity beneath the stomach.

Division A. — Zoantharia-sclerobasica.*

Alcyonaria.

In the Alcyonaria the polypes live together united by a
common tissue(called the “ coenosarc ”) ; each polype has eight

* Sclerobasica from sTcleros , hard, and basis, a pedestal : applied to a coral
haviiwa solid axis which is invested by the soft parts of the animal.

Actinozoa— Corals. go

li * st ™«ture a minute Sea
calcareous skeleton or axis secreted 'by 'tl lnfcerrial h ° rn / or

“tr *“» >

“ d Ji » «©SiSfC&jSS?* *• **>

-a », »d 1 rs.3 > £ r a°' **— »«•■ 0 . 6 , 8 .

Gallery,

No. 10.

Corals.

Table-cases.
Nos. 1, 5, 6,
8 & 9, and
Wall-cases,
Nos. 1 to 6.

Division B.— Zoanthaeia-sclerodeemata *

but^nttead a o e f C re 1S SCt' T? bIeS a Sea Anemone,

tissues, a deposit of solid calcareous "mi ® 0 “P ose d of soft Wall-cases,
secretion of Carbonate nf r i ™ atter 1S formed by the Nos. l to 5.

*«« r .i .6. lx? ores*

z„';: r ,z gap*#*,**** &sr*

correspond hth the messes ’ «“*

aUd * eUtaCleS in01 ' eases "4“hnrly wTth* the n lg° e f

In addition to the theca and the mnta a column m-». 1
mass sometimes arises in the axis of ,1.’,. , ■? aloareous

the columella, and near “t a circle nf CI ’P. and is known as

^^fcHsssnSSSrs

them, are as a rule horizontal • they oft Pn + ’ ’ ll]ve

right across the visceral chamber. The epitheca i*™ Yd!

$zzz veat r?’ strei ; gtheni ^ Zu d oX:i

or tne polype. Costa or ribs may also nroieef + , ,

wa 1 th e cup. Within the calice or cup
stomach and soft parts of the nolyne and tin, S* ‘ ce< , t le

below this the ealice is sub-divided by the septa into '< la "' b . e1 ' ’
of vertical compartments called “ the intercepted loculi.’’™^

Ihe septa aie not all of equal length : some called
septa, are wider than others, and may extend far’enonuh to rneef
in the centre of the visceral chamber; others are less produced

the1r a ; e idS° Wn “ SeCOndary and te, ’ tiar y “P*. neebdingt
skefeto™" C ° raIS ’” tha( “ * ^ -Crete a calcareous

Gallery,

No. 10.

Corals.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 1 to 5,
aud

Table-cases.
Nos. 1 to 8.

Compound

Corals.

Actinozoa — Corals.

The number of the septa varies in the several diy ,R mn* ’
thus in the Aporosa and Perforata they are m ^
of six, whilst in the Rugosa there are usually fom pnma.y

SeP Havin<>' briefly described a simple coral polype with its theca
or external wall,' its septa corresponding to the mesenteries ot
the sea anemone, we can better understand an aggregate coral,
built up by a large number of these simple polypes growing
together and uniting their separate calcareous skeletons so as to
form a compound corallum. The colony may consist of ft
number of individuals, all springing directly from one another,
or they may be united by a common flesh or ccenosarc. ™
ccenosarc secretes a common calcareous basis or tissue, wl
unites the several corallites together, called the ccenenchyma.
Some coral polypes increase their mass by lateral gemmation, or
budding from the sides; others from the base by root-hkc pio-
lonoations ; or new individuals are developed by budding Within
thelup of the parent polype (known as cahcular gemmation), as
in tl/e genera Lonsdaleia, OomophylUm, Ac.; whilst others
increase by fission of the parent polypes themselves

\A\ the Irvin" Zoantharia sclerodermata inhabit the sea, ana
no doubt all the fossil corals were also marine. They attain
their maximum development at the present day in the warmer
seas of the globe, so that their abundant presence m any forma-
tion may be accepted as good evidence of the former existence
of a warm temperature in the sea of that period Two
distinct trees of corals exist at the present day, namely, those
which inhabit tolerably deep water, and those which build the

great masses of corals which are known as coral-reefs The
deep-sea corals often attain, as individuals, considerable size ;
thpv also orow as compound masses, hut never form those
massive aggregations known as “reefs.” Deep-sea corals
an near to have existed in all the great geological periods, from
the Ordovician upwards. The chief gene >a of this group now
livino- are Caryophyllia , B ala, nophy Ilia, Flabellum , Desmophyllum ,
and Sphenotrochus, all simple forms ; and Lophoheka , Amphiheha,
Dendrophyllicb, and Astrangia, compound forms.

The great majority of the reef-bmlders are compound forms,
and those of Secondary, Tertiary, and Recent times, belong to
the families of the Astrceidce, PoritidcB, and Madrepondce, though
the Ocuknidce and Fungidce also contribute to form reefs.

If coral-reefs existed in Palaeozoic times, they were built up
bv Ruo-ose corals. In Mesozoic times true reefs certainly
existed at the close of the Trias, and especially in Oolitic times
in Western Europe and England. In early Tertiary times vast

* From (T/cXrjpog, hard, aud kpna, kp, tarot;, shin: applied to the coral-
lum which is formed within the tissues of the sclerodermic corals.

Actinozoa and Hydrozoa.

85

reefs were formed in Central and Southern Europe, in Egypt,
oyria, and Arabia, and in parts of India. (Nicholson.)

lliree great divisions of the Zoantiiaria-sclkrodkrmata are
lecognised, namely, the Zoantiiaria-aporosa, tlie Zoantharia
Rugos a, and the Zoantharia-purforata.

J ^ ?0R0SA are essentially a Secondary and Tertiary group.
I he Rugosa are mainly confined to the Palaeozoic period. The
u k h o rata were largely represented in Palaeozoic times, though
certain families belong essentially to the Tertiary and Recent
period.

I lie Actinozoa occupy Table-cases Nos. 1-9 and Wall-cases
A os. 1-6 along the western side of Gallery No. 10.

An interesting feature in the exhibited series of fossil corals
consists in the introduction of a large series of transparent
sections, mounted on glass and fixed at an inclination of about
do , so as to give the observer a very good idea of the internal
structure of the corallite in each genus.

A large number ot the type specimens figured by MM.
Edwards and Haime, W. Lonsdale, Prof. P. Martin Duncan,
i .R.S., Prof. H. A. Nicholson, P.R.S.E., R. P. Tomes, F.G.S.,
R. Etheridge, F.R.S., R. Etheridge, junr., and A. H. Foord’
are in the cases. Every figured specimen is indicated by a
small green ticket.

A fine slab of polished marble known as “ Frosterley stone,”
from the Carboniferous Limestone of Frosterley, near Stanhope,
Durham, exhibits numerous sections of a Rugose coral called
D ibunop hyll um. This stone is used for the smaller columns
supporting the arches in the chancel of Durham Cathedral and
elsewhere. The specimen is placed in the recess between Wall-
cases Nos. 3 and 4.

G-allery,
No. 10.

Corals.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 1 to 5,
and

Table-cases
Nos. 1 to 8.

Class 20. — Hydrozoa.

This division embraces the Htdroida, or Hydroid Polypes ;
the Hydrocorallina*] (Millepores, &c.), and the Graptolithinas
(Graptolites). Many members of this class are unknown as
fossil forms, having no hard structures which could be preserved.
In the Hydrozoa the walls of the digestive sac are not separated
from those of the general body-cavity (as vve have seen is the
case in the Actinozoa), the two coinciding with one another.
The generative elements are developed in medusoid forms,
either free-swimming or attached permanently to the hydroid
forms.

Under the Htdroida are placed the Hydractinia from the
Crag, in which deposit the calcareous skeleton is found encrust-
ing shells; the globular forms of Parle eria- from the Greensand

Gallery,

No. 10.

Table-cases,
Nos. 9, 10.

Graptolites.

Wall-case,
No. 6.
Table-case,
No. 10.

Spongres.

86 Hydrozoa and Spongida.

of England, and the genera Syringosphceria and Stoliczlcana
from India.

In the Hydrocoral linj: are placed the Silurian genus
Labechici, the Devonian and Silurian types of Stromatopora, and
the Cretaceous and Tertiary Millepora.

The last division of the Hydrozoa contains the Graptot.i-
thinj}, a remarkable Palseozoic group characterised by the
possession of a compound polypary with a tubular chitinous
covering enclosing the coenosarc, and supporting numerous cup-
like “ cellules ” or Jiydrothecce , in each of which a polypite was
placed. The polypites were united to the coenosarc. The
polypary itself, which was apparently free and unattached, was
strengthened by a chitinous rod or fibre termed the solid axis,
no doubt similar to that observed in the polyzoon ffliabdopleura.
The Graptolites present a great variety in their form and in the
arrangement of the hydrothecce on the axis, some having but a
single row of closely-placed “cellules” or hydrothecce on each
branch (hence called “ monoprionidian Graptolites”), others
having a row of cellules on each side of the branch (hence
called “ diprionidian ”). These forms of Graptolites (dip ri-
onidian) are, with hardly an exception, confined to the Ordo-
vician series, whilst the monopnonidian forms range from the
base of the Ordovician to the summit of the Silurian series.

With the exception of the genus Dictyograptus , which sur-
vived to the Devonian, the Graptolites are confined to the
Cambrian, the Ordovician, and the Silurian.

The families, genera, and even the individual species, of
Graptolites are, according to Prof. Lap worth, remarkably
characteristic of special zones in the Silurian, and that
apparently over extremely wide areas of the earth’s surface.

The exhibited series of this interesting and important group
of Palaeozoic Hydrozoa is placed in Table-case No. 10 and Wall-
case No. 6.

Sub-Kingdom. — PoRIFERA.

Class 21. — Spongida (Sponges).

The Sponges form the lowest group of coelenterate animals.
With the exception of one small division, the Myxospongice ,
whose structure is entirely composed of soft, fleshy substance,
sponges secrete hard skeletons, either of horny siliceous, or
calcareous materials, and they have consequently been divided
into Ceratospongire, Silicispongice , and Calcispovgice. It is very
doubtful if any of the Keratose, or horny sponges, similar to
those in domestic use, have been preserved in the fossil state,

87

Spongida —Fossil Sponges.

and thus only sponges with silicified or calcareous skeletons are
Oulu in the rocks. The Silicispongise are by far the most
mportant of these two divisions: their skeletons consist of
nnu c spicules of silica of various forms, in some cases united
| ler into a beautiful. mesh work, in others the spicules are
_ose y held m position in the sarcode, and after the death of
le sponge tbey are scattered over the sea-bottom. In this
v aj- beds of rock are, in some instances, nearly entirely formed
or the minute detached spicules of these sponges.

The Silicispongiae are divided into four orders according to
the form of their skeletal spicules (1) Monactinellidce , in
Ulrich the spicules have but a single axis ; (2) Tetractinellidce,

, T ‘ 1C ; 1 . the spicules have four rays or arms ; (3) Lithistidce , in
which the spicules are four-rayed or irregular in form, and
ultimately interwoven . together ; and (4) Hexactinellidce, in
which the skeleton consists of spicules with six rays. As a rule
entire sponges ot the two first -mentioned orders are rarely met
with as fossils, though their detached spicules are very abundant
more particularly in the Upper Greensand and the Upper Chalk.’

1 he greater number of fossil sponges belong to the Lithistidce
and Hexactinellidce.

With one or two exceptions fossil Calcisponges belong to the
family of the Pharetrones. The spicules are mostly three or

four-rayed, and they are united into a continuous fibrous net-
work.

Fossil sponges are first met with in Cambrian strata, the
earliest known genus, Protospongia , belongs to the Hexacti-
nel ida?. In the Silurian rocks the Lithistidse are represented
by Astylospongia ' and Aulocopium ; and the peculiar families of
the Peceptaculitidce and the Astrceospongid.ee occur here and in
the Devonian. Hexactinellid sponges, allied to the recent
Hyalonema , were numerous in Carboniferous strata, and are
principally represented by detached spicules and by bands of

elongated spicules, which served to anchor the sponges in the
mud. °

A ith the exception of a small group of Calcisponges from
the Triassic strata of St. Cassian, and from the Inferior Oolite
of this country, fossil sponges are rarely met with until
reaching the middle and upper Jura of Germany and Switzer-
land, in which the Lithistidae and HexactineUidaa are very
abundant. Calcisponges are numerous in the Lower Greensand
of Faringdon, Berkshire; and in the Upper Greensand of the
South of England, Lithistid sponges are largely developed, as
well as spicules of Tetractinellidae and Monactinellidn?. Hexac-
tinellid sponges distinguish certain zones of the gray Chalk and
the Chalk Marl, and in the Upper Chalk representatives of all
the groups of siliceous sponges are present. It is probable that
the silica of the flints in the Upper Chalk is derived from the

G-allery,
No. 10.

Fossil

Sponges.

Table-cases
Nos. 11-15.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 7 and b

88

Protozoa — 1 Radiolaria.

Gallery,
No. 10.
Fossil
Sponges.

Table-cases,
Nos. 11 to 15,
ancl Wall-
cases, 7 & 8.

skeletons of siliceous sponges ; in many instances the flints are
formed round the sponges, and when broken and their inner
surfaces polished, the canals of the sponges are distinctly shown.

Sponges of Tertiary age are rare, and are represented by
the minute borings of the genus Gliona in molluscan shells.

The Fossil Sponges occupy Table-cases Nos. 11-15, and
Wall -cases Nos. 7 and 8.

The Fossil Sponges have been most carefully described,
catalogued, and copiously illustrated by Dr. G. J. Hinde, l.G.fe.,
and the work has been published by order of the Trustees.

Sub-Kingdom 5. — Protozoa (First Life).

The animals placed in this division are extremely simple ;
they are generally of very minute size, and composed of an
apparently structureless or but slightly differentiated jelly-like
albuminoid substance, known as “ sarcode ” ; they have no
definite pares or segments, no distinct body-cavity, or nervous
system, nor any definite alimentary apparatus.

They comprise all the simplest living organisms, such as the
Infusorial Animalcules, the Amoeba, Foraminifera, Radiolaria, &c.

The two last-named types have hard skeletons, and are con-
sequently found as fossils.

Class 22. — Radiolaria.

The Radiolaria possess a siliceous skeleton, the parts of
which are arranged in a more or less radiate manner. The soft
sarcode, of which the animal’s body is composed, forms a
central mass, surrounded by a membranous capsule and an
outer layer containing cell-like bodies, from which extend long
filamentous ray-like threads of sarcode known as “pseudo-
podia.”

The order includes Polycystina , Acanthometrina , Thalassicol-
lida, and Actinophryina.

The Polycystina have been found on nearly every ocean door
both in high and low latitudes.

Their siliceous skeletons (of extreme microscopic minute-
ness) have accumulated until they have formed deposits of
considerable thickness during the later geological epochs, and
myriads of these exquisite microscopic forms may be obtained
from many strata in Sicily ; Greece ; Oran, in Africa ; Bermuda ;
Richmond, Virginia ; and Barba, does. Beds of rock composed
of these organisms are now known even as far back in time as
the Ordovician series.

Protozoa — Foramini f era .

89

Class 23.— Foraminifera.

The Foraminifera* have the body protected by a shell or
test, composed of carbonate of lime, or it may consist of
particles of sand cemented together, whilst others have a horny
or chitinous covering.

The body may be simple or may repeat itself indefinitely
by budding. The sarcode composing the animal’s body gives
out long thread-like pseudopodia, which often unite to form a
continuous layer of sorcode outside the shell. The pseudopodia
reach the exterior either by perforations in the walls of the shell
or simply by an opening in the last chamber.

The Foraminifera are generally divided into two great
primary divisions, namely, the Perforata and the Imperforata.

In the former the shell is perforated by more or less numerous
psendopodial foramina. In the latter the shell is not perforated,
and may be arenaceous or “ porcellanous.”

The Imperforata include the Miliolida forms, which range
from the Trias to the recent seas, and the Lituolida , which
commence in the Carboniferous period. About 17 genera are
represented.”

The Perforata include five families: the Globigerinida, so
abundant in the Atlantic ooze, and also in the English Chalk, as
to have led some writers to speculate on the Chalk-formation
being identical with the modern deep-sea ooze in its mode of
origin. The T extul ariidce , the Potalidce , and Lagenidce , dating
back to the Carboniferous and represented by many genera.

Lastly, the great group of the Nummulitida], which in
Carboniferous times built up vast masses of limestone in Russia,
Centra] Europe, Armenia, India, China, Japan, and the United
States, almost composed of Fusulina ; and the Nummuhtes , which
in Tertiary times played so conspicuous a part in building up
the solid framework of the earth’s crust, whether in Europe,
Asia, or Africa.

The great Nummulitic Limestone often attains many
thousands of feet in thickness,' and extends from the Alps to
the Carpathians, and is in full force in North Africa, both in
Morocco and Algeria. In Egypt it was largely quarried during
the early dynasties for the building of the Pyramids.

It occurs also in Asia Minor and Persia ; thence it stretches
to India, and from the passes of Cabul to Eastern Bengal and
I he frontiers of China.

With this family is also included the much-disputed Fozoon ,
met with in the Lower Laurentian Limestones of Canada.

* The Foraminifera have been Catalogued by Professor T. Rupert
Jones, F.R.S., and published by order of the Trustees.

Foramini-

fera.

Gallery,
No. 10.
Wall-case,
No. 9, and
Table-case,
No. 16.

Globig-erina.

Fusulina.

Nummu

lites.

90

Foraminifera , and Fossil Plants.

Foramini-

fera.

Wall-case,
No. 9.

Table-case,
No. 16.

In Wall-case No. 9 is placed a series of models prepared by
M. Alcide d’Orbigny, illustrative of the various forms of Fora-
minifera ; also a set prepared by Drs. Reuss and Fritsch to
illustrate Reuss’s classification of this group.

The British series of Foraminifera are arranged in Table-
case No. 16 and the Foreign series in Wall-case No. 9.

PLANTS.

Plant*.

Gallery,

No. 10.

Wall-cases,
Nos. 10 to 18.
Table-cases,
Nos. 17 to 32.

This group occupies the whole Eastern side of Gallery
No. 10. The British specimens are arranged in Table-cases
Nos. 17-32. The Foreign ones on the sloping shelf of Wall-
cases Nos. 10-18 ; the larger specimens, both British and
Foreign, are arranged on the horizontal shelves of the Wall-
cases. The Plant series commences at the North end with the
Post-Tertiary and Tertiary specimens ; among the former may
be mentioned the fine masses of Chara incrusted with carbonate
of lime from Northamptonshire, and some very finely preserved
leaves in tufa, or travertin, from Weimar; whilst among the
Tertiary are many beautiful examples of leaves from the
Bagshot beds of Bournemouth and Alum Bay. Among these
is a palm-leaf more than a yard in length, referred to the genus
Iriartea. There is an interesting series of fruits and seeds from
the London Clay of Sheppey, collected and described by the
late Dr. Bowerbank. The Eocene beds of Ardtun, in Mull, are
represented by numerous slabs and specimens of leaves both of
Plane-trees and Ferns, in fine preservation (see slab in glazed
case between Wall-cases Nos. 11 and 12, containing leaves of
Plcitanus aceroide s.

The Miocene flora of Greenland is well represented by many
fine specimens collected by Mr. Edw. Whymper, and described
by the late Prof. O. Heer ; and attention is also directed to
the extensive series of Miocene and Eocene plant remains from
Continental localities (chiefly in Austria), collected and named
by Baron von Ettingshausen. The Cretaceous plants are
illustrated by many interesting forms, such as the peculiar
Chondrites from the Upper Greensand beds of Bignor, Sussex;
the collection is also rich in Clathrarian stems, many of which
have been collected and described by Mantell.

A fine series of Ferns, Conifers, and Cycads, from the
Wealdenof Hastings, has lately been acquired from the collector,
Mr. P. Ruff or d. It contains many new forms and some fine
examples of the Cycadaceous leaves and fruit of Zamia ( William-

Plant cc.

91

sonia), very similar to the species common to the Yorkshire
Oolites. Among the Jurassic plants are ninny fine examples of
stems of Cycads \Mantellia) from the Purbeck beds of Portland.

Two fine trunks of coniferous trees (Cedroxylon) are placed
in the centre of the Gallery ; one of these, formerly in the
Baber Collection, has been cut transversely to show the structure.
They are highly siliceous, and occur in the Purbeck Beds of the
Isle of Portland. Another, but more slender, silicified tree from
Portland, about 8 feet in height, is placed upon a pedestal
between Wall-cases Nos. 12 and 13, on the East side of this
Gallery.

The series of Zamia ( Williamsonia) from the Scarborough
Oolites is altogether unique. Some large stems of coniferous
trees ( Arancarites ), from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, are
mounted separately in frames and placed in the recesses between
Wall-cases Nos. 13 and 14 ; 14 and 15.

The Triassic series is well represented by some large slabs
from India containing well-preserved leaves of Ferns, the chief
of which is known as Gloss opt er is ; the collection has numerous
specimens of this fern from South Africa and Australia. The
Palaeozoic plants are of much interest, the specimens having all
been catalogued by Mr. 11. Kidston. Among Permian forms
may be mentioned the fine series of polished sections of silicified
Fern-stems mostly belonging to the genus Psaronius, all showing
a most perfect internal structure ; they abound in the New Red
Sandstone of the neighbourhood of Chemnitz, in Saxony, and
have been described by M. Cotta. There is also a fine section of
silicified stem of Tree-fern (Stemmatopteris) from Brazil. The
Carboniferous plants are abundantly represented, not only from
this country, -but from all parts of the world. Among the
Ferns are fine specimens of Neuropteris, Sphenopteris , P ecopteris ,
etc., many of them showing the sori, or fructification. The
genera Catamites, Lepiduclendron , Lcpidostrobus, Lepidophloios,
Sigillaria , and Stigmaria, etc., are all well represented in the
collection. Under the Cycads are placed Cordaites, Cardioca.rpus,
etc. A peculiar genus of supposed plant is the Paloeoxyris
from the coal ironstones of Dudley. A stem section of a large
coniferous tree ( Araucaryoxylon ) from the Calciferous Sandstone
of Craigleith, near Edinburgh, occupies the recess between
Wall-cases Nos. 16 and 17 ; the intimate structure of this is
readily seen in microscopic sections exhibited in Table-case
No. 31. Among Devonian plants are fine examples of the
Irish fern, Palceopteris, from. Kiltorkan, near Waterford, and
the stems of Psilophyton from Canada and Scotland are somewhat
numerous in the collection. Silurian plants are rare, and
usually only imperfectly preserved, consisting chiefly of Alga?

( Bythotrephis ), and some other very uncertain forms, such as
Pachytheca , etc.

Gallery,
No. 10.

Plantae.

92

Historical and Type Collections.

Glazed-
cases, b, c,
and e, and
Stands d,
and dd.

A fine opalized tree Spondylostrobus from Tasmania,
of Cedroxylon silicified woods from various localities,
trunk of a tree from Purbeck Beds, Isle of Portland, and
Sicilian a stems from the Coal Measures are placed do
centre of this Gallery.

a series
a large
several
wn the

Gallery,

No. 11.

Historical

Collections.

Sir Hans
Sloane’s
Collection,
1753.

Table-case
No. 16.

Brander

Collection,

1766.

HISTORICAL AND TYPE COLLECTIONS, STRATI-
GRAPHIC A L SERIES, ETC.

Gallery No. 11. In this Gallery have been arranged, in
seventeen cases, a series of nine Collections of historical and
palaeontological interest, bearing upon the early history of the
British Museum and the study of Geology and Palaeontology in
this Country

Taking the exhibition cases in chronological order , the earliest
is the “ Sloan e Collection.” This is the most ancient portion of
the Geological Collection, having formed a part of the Museum
of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart., F.R.S., acquired by purchase for the
Nation in 1 753.

The geological specimens are stated to have consisted “ in
what by way of distinction are called extraneous fossils, com-
prehending petrified bodies, as Trees, or parts of them; Her-
baceous plants (the Botanical and Zoological specimens are
now preserved in their respective Departments), Animal sub-
stances,” &c. ; and reported to be “ the most extensive and
most curious that ever was seen of its kind.” Until 1857
the Fossils and Minerals formed one collection, so that
a large part of the “Sloane Collection” consisted probably
of mineral bodies and not organic, but in any case only about
100 specimens of invertebrate fossils can now be identified with
certainty as forming part of the original Sloane Museum. Each
specimen in the Sloane Collection had originally a number
attached to it, corresponding to a carefully prepared Manuscript
Catalogue, still preserved, which contains many curious entries
concerning the various objects in the Museum. In the course
of more than 130 years, many of these numbers have been
detached from the objects or obliterated by cleaning. But as
all fossils at this early date were looked upon merely as curiosities,
but little attention was paid to the formation or locality whence
they were derived. Historically, the collection has immense
interest to us, marking the rapid strides which the science of
Geology has made of late years, especially as regards its more
careful and systematic methods of study.

The next Collection in chronological order is the “ Brander
Collection,” and is the earliest one in which types of named and
described species have been preserved.

93

Historical and Type Collections.

This Collection was formed by Gnstavus Brainier, F.R.S.,
F.S.A., in the earlier half of the last century, and an account of
the same, with eight quarto plates, was published in 1706,
entitled, “ Fossilia Hantoniensia Collecta, et in Musseo Britan-
nico deposita.” The descriptions of the species given in t lie
work were written by Dr. Solander, one of the officers of the
British Museum. They were “ collected in the County of
Hampshire, out of the cliffs by the sea coast between Christ-
church and Lymington, but more especially about the cliffs by
the village of Hordwell, nearly midway betwixt the two former
places ” (op. cit., p. Ill),

Only a small number out of the original 120 figured
specimens are now capable of being identified, the rest having
become, in the course of 122 years, commingled with the far
more numerous and later Eocene Tertiary acquisitions, and so
have lost their connection with this admirable Memoir. The
engravings of the shells are equal to any modern published work
descriptive of the fossils of the Eocene formation ; but the
names given by Dr. Solander are in many instances incorrect,
according to our present knowledge of the genera of Mollusca.

The next series to which attention is directed, is the
Collection of William Smith, LL.D. This was commenced
about the year 1787, and purchased by the Trustees in 1816, a
supplemental Collection being added by Dr. Smith in 1818.

It is remarkable as the first attempt made to identify the
various strata forming the solid crust of England and Wales by
means of their fossil remains. There bad been other and earlier
Collections of fossils, but to William Smith is due the credit of
being the first to show that each bed of Chalk or Sandstone,
Limestone or Clay, is marked by its own special organisms and
that these can be relied upon as characteristic of such stratum,
wherever it is met w'itb, over very wide areas of country.

The fossils contained in this Cabinet were gathered together
by William Smith in his journeys over all parts of England
during thirty years, whilst occupied in his business as a Land
Surveyor and Engineer, and were used to illustrate his works,
“ Strata Identified by Organized Fossils,” with coloured plates
quarto (1816; four parts only published); and his “ Strati-
g rap hi cal System of Organized Fossils” (quarto, 1817).

A coloured copy of his large Map, the first Geological
Map of England and Wales, with a part of Scotland, commenced
in 1812 and published in 1815 — size 8 feet 9 inches by 6 feet
2 inches, engraved by John Cary — is exhibited on the right hand
side of this Gallery, near the entrance. It is well worthy of
careful inspection.

William Smith was born at Churchill, a village of Oxford-
shire, in 1769 ; he was the son of a small farmer and mechanic,
but his father died when he was only eight years old, leaving

Brand er
Collection,
1766.

Table-case,
No. 16.

Dr. ‘William
Smith’s
Collection,
1816-18.

Centre-case,
East Wall.

William
Smith’s
Map, 1815.

94

Gallery,
No. 11.
William
Smith.

Historical and Type C oiled ions.

him to the care of his uncle, who acted as his guardian.
William’s uncle did not approve of the boy’s habit of collecting
stones (“pundibs” = Ter ebrat nice, and “quoit-stones” = GUjpeus
sinuatus ) ; but seeing that his nephew was studious, he gave
him a little money to buy books. By means of these he taught
himself the rudiments of geometry and land-surveying, and at
the age of eighteen he obtained employment as a land surveyor
in Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, and other parts, and had
already begun carefully and systematically to collect fossils
and to observe the structure of the rocks. In 1793 he was
appointed to survey the course of the intended Somersetshire
Coal-Canal, near Bath. For six years he was the resident
engineer of the canal, and, applying his previously-acquired
knowledge, he was enabled to prove that the strata from the
New Red Marl (Trias) upwards, followed each other in a regular
and orderly succession, each bed being marked by its own
characteristic fossils, and having a general tendency or “dip ”
to the south-east.

To verify his theory he travelled in subsequent years over
the greater part of England and Wales, and made careful
observations of the geological succession of the rocks, proving
also, by the fossils obtained, the identity of the strata over very
wide areas along their outcrops.

His knowledge of fossils advanced even further, for he dis-
covered that those in situ retained their sharpness, whereas the
same specimens derived from the drifts or gravel- deposits were
usually rounded and water-worn, and had reached their present
site by subsequent erosion of the parent-rock.

In 1799 William Smith circulated in MS. the order of suc-
cession of the strata and imbedded organic remains found in the
vicinity of Bath.

His Geological Map of England and Wales is dated
1815.

On June 1, 1816, he published his “ Strata identified by
Organised Fossils,” with illustrations of the most characteristic
specimens in each stratum (4to).

In 1817 he printed “ A Stratigraphical System of Organized
Fossils,” compiled from the original geological collection depo-
sited in the British Museum (4to).

In 1819 he published a reduction of his great Geological
Map, together with several sections across England.

These have just been presented to the Museum by Wm.
Topley, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., and are exhibited upon the wall
near Smith’s bust.

Mr. Smith received the award of the first Wollaston Medal
and fund in 1831, from the hands of Prof. Sedgwick, the
President of the Geological Society — “As a great original
discoverer in English geology, and especially for his having

Historical and Type Collections. 95

been the first, in this country, to discover and teach the identifi-
cation of strata, and to determine their succession by means of
their imbedded fossils.”

In June, 1882, the Government of H.M. King William the
Fourth awarded Mr. Smith a pension of .-£100 a year, but he
only enjoyed it for seven years, as he died 28 Aug. 1839.

In 1835 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon Mr. Smith
by the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin; but
perhaps the highest compliment paid him was that by Sedgwick,
who rightly named him “ the Father of English Geology.”

The bust above the case which contains William Smith’s
collection is a copy of that by Chantry surmounting the tablet
to his memory in the beautiful antique church of All Saints, at
Northampton, where his remains lie buried.

We come next to a collection, the very name of which
betrays the antiquity of its origin. It is known as “ Sowerby’s
Mineral Conchology.”

This collection was begun by Mr. James Sowerby, prior to
1812, and continued by his son, Mr. James de Carle Sowerby,
F.L.S., during the preparation of their great work entitled,
“ The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain,” which appeared in
parts, between June, 1812, and December, 1845, and forms a
work of six volumes octavo, illustrated with 648 plates.

The value of this work consists in the fidelity and accuracy
of the figures given, and also that most of the specimens drawn
were here named and described for the first time. They comprise
fossils from all parts of England and from every Geological
formation.

The small green labels mark the specimens actually figured
in the Avork. The Collection was purchased by the Trustees of the
British Museum from Mr. J. de Carle Sowerby, January, 1861.

It may be interesting to record that many of the latter parts
were illustrated by plates drawn by the late Mr. J. W. Salter,
A.L.S., F.G.S., for so many years palaeontologist to the Geological
Survey. When a youth, Salter was apprenticed to Mr. J.
de Carle Sowerby, F.L.S., who was at that time both a naturalist
and an engraver. The youthful apprentice afterwards married
his master’s daughter, and became, as is well known, one of the
most brilliant palaeontologists in this country.

Another curious but small series represents the “ types ” or
“ figured specimens ” of “ Konig’s leones Fossilium Sectiles.”

This illustrated work, on miscellaneous fossils in the British
Museum, was prepared by Mr. Charles Konig, the first Keeper
of the Mineralogical and Geological Department, after its
separation from the General Natural History Collections in
1825.

The engravings are rough, but characteristic, and the first
“ Century ” (or 100 figures of fossils), is accompanied by descrip-

Gallery,
No. 11.
William
Smith.

Sowerby’s

Mineral

Concholog-y,

1812-45.

Table-cases,
Nos. 10, 11,
12, and
Wall-case,
No. 5.

Konig-'s
leones, 1825.

Table-case,

No. 16.

96

Gallery,

No. 11.

Gilbertson

Collection,

1836.

Table-cases,
Nos. 15 and
16.

The London
Clay Club,
1838.

Palaeonto-

graphical

Society,

founded

1847.

Searles V.
Wood's Crag
Mollusca,
1826-1856.

Historical and Type Collections ,

tions ; the plates of the second “ Century ’ have names onp , but
no descriptions are published with them.

A far more important Collection is that known as “ The

Gilbertson Collection.”

In 1836 Prof. John Phillips published Yol. II. of his
“Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, ’ which is devoted
to the “ Mountain Limestone District.” In the Introduction, lie
writes as follows : — “ My greatest obligation is to Mr. W m.
Gilbertson of Preston, a naturalist of high acquirements, who
has for many years explored with exceeding diligence a region
of Mountain Limestone, remarkably rich in organic remains.
The collection which he has amassed from the small district of
Bolland is ar this moment unrivalled, and he has done for me,
without solicitation, what is seldom granted to the most urgent
entreaty; he has sent me for deliberate examination, at con-
venient intervals, the whole of his magnificent collection,
accompanied by remarks dictated by long experience and a
sound judgment.” He (Gilbertson) had proposed to publish
on the Crinoidea himself, but his sketches, as well as his speci-
mens, were all placed at Prof. Phillips disposal. Phillips adds
— “An attentive examination of this rich collection rendered it
unnecessary to study minutely the less extensive series preserved
in other cabinets .... most of the .figures of fossils are taken
from specimens in Mr. Gilbertson’s Collection, because these were
generally the best that could be found.

The Gilbertson Collection was purchased for the British

Museum in 1841.

The collections which follow mark a distinct era in the
annals of Geological Science.

Some fifty years ago a little Society was founded by a few
London geologists, namely — Dr. J. Scott Bowerbank, F.R.S.,
Searles V. Wood, F.G.S., Prof. John Morris, F.G.S., Alfred
White, F.L.S., Nathaniel T. Wetherell, F.G.S., James de Carle
Sowerbv, F.L.S., and Frederick E. Edwards, F.G.S., for the
purpose" of illustrating the Eocene Mollusca, and entitled the
“ London Clay Club.”

They met at stated periods at each other’s houses, and after
a time they said, “ Why should we not illustrate all the fossils
of the British Islands, and from every formation?” No sooner
proposed than a Society was founded, named the Paleeonto-
graphical Society, in the year 1847, just forty-three years ago.
The first volume, issued in that year, was “The Crag Mollusca,”
Part I., Univalves by Mr. Searles V. Wood, F.G.S. (with 2l
plates).

Here is preserved the actual “ Searles Wood Crag Collec-
tion.” This collection was commenced in 1826, and occupied
about 30 years in its formation. It represents the Molluscan
fauna of the Bed and Coralline Crags of the neighbourhood of

97

Historical and Type Collections .

Woodbridge, and from Aldborough, Chillesford, Sudbourn,
Orford, Butley, Sutton, Ramsholt, Felixstow, and many other
localities in Suffolk, also from Walton-on-the-Naze, in Essex.
Ibe specimens so collected were employed by Mr. Searles Wood
in the preparation of his “ Monograph on the Crag Mollusca,”
published by the Palasontographical Society (1848-1861) ; with
supplements in 1871, 1873, and 1879, illustrated by seventy-one
quarto plates. Each figured specimen is indicated by a small
green label affixed to it.

A geological description of the Crag formation by Mr.
S. V. Wood, jun., F.G.S., and Mr. F. W. Harmer, was issued
by the Palasontographical Society in 1871 and 1873.

The collection was presented by Mr. S. Y. Wood to the
British Museum, January, 1856, and a supplementary collection
was given by Mrs. Searles Y. Wood in 1885.

The next “ Palasontographical Collection ” is of nearly equal
antiquity and fully of equal merit. It is the Eocene Molluscan
Collection formed by the late Frederick E. Edwards, Esq.,
F.G.S., about the year 1835, and was continually being added
to, until a few years before his death, which happened in 1875.
It was acquired for the Nation by purchase in 1873.

Originally intended to illustrate the fossils of the London
Clay, Mr. Edwards extended his researches over the Eocene
strata of Sussex, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight, where,
assisted by Mr. Henry Keeping, he made the most complete
collection ever attempted by any geologist, and it still remains
unrivalled.

Mr. Edwards contributed six Memoirs to the Palasonto-
graphical Society, 1848-1856 ; also separate papers to the
“ London Geological Magazine,” 1846, the “ Geologist,” 1860,
and the “ Geological Magazine,” 1865, descriptive of the Eocene
Mollusca, in his collection.

Mr. S. Y. Wood continued the work for Mr. Edwards,
describing and figuring the “ Eocene Bivalves ” in the annual
volumes of the Palasontographical Society for 1859, 1862,
1870, and 1877. Each specimen which has been figured is
specially marked.

About 500 species have been described and figured, but the
collection is very rich in new and undescribed forms.

The last Collection is that of a Naturalist who devoted his
entire life to the study and illustration of a single class of
organisms, namely the 13 racin' opoda. It was formed by the late
Thomas Davidson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Y.P. Pal. Soc.,
etc. (of West Brighton, and Muir-house, Midlothian), between
the years 1837 and 1886, with the object of illustrating his
great work on the “ British Fossil Brachiopoda,” published
by the Palaeontographical Society, in six quarto volumes,
between the years 1850 and 1886, comprising 2290 pages of text,
(1189) ' 8

Table-cases
Nos. 1,2, am
3.

F. E.

Edwards’

Eocene

Mollusca,

1835-1873.

Table-cases,
Nos. 3, 4, 5
6, 7, 8, 9.

The

Collection of
Davidson
Brachio-
poda, 1837-
1886.

Table-cases,
Nos. 13, 14,
15.

98

Stratigraphic a l Collection , Footprints , fyc.

Gallery, No.
11 .

Davidson

Collection,

1837 - 86 .

Stratig-ra
phical Col-
lection.

Sowerby

Collection.

Cephalo-

poda.

Rocks bored
by Mollnsca.

Tracks and
Marking-3.

Footprints.

and 234 plates, with 9,329 figures, and descriptions of 969
species ; the plates having been drawn with his own hands.

Dr. Davidson was also the author of the Report on the
Brachiopoda collected by H.M.S. “ Challenger” (vol. 1, 1880) ;
of the article “Brachiopoda,” in the “Encyclopaedia Britannica,”
Ninth Edition, 1875 ; of a Monograph of Recent “ Brachiopoda”
( 1 rans. Linnaean Society, 1886 and 1887), and of more than fifty
other separate Memoirs mostly bearing upon Brachiopoda, both
Recent and Fossil, printed in the Transactions and Journals of
the various learned societies, etc.

His collection, both of Recent and Fossil Brachiopoda,
together with all Dr. Davidson’s original drawings, his numerous
books and pamphlets, were bequeathed by him to the British
Museum through his son William Davidson, Esq., February,
1886. By his direction the entire collection of recent and fossil
species are to be kept together in one series for the convenience
of reference for all men of science who may wish to consult the
same.

The Stratigraph ical Collection occupies Wall-cases, Nos.
1-4, along the western side of Gallery 11. A number of very
fine specimens and slabs have been placed in these cases under
their respective formations. The arrangement of these cases is
still in progress.

Wall-case No. 5 contains the group Cephalopoda, figured and
described in the “ Mineral Conchology,” by James and J.
de C. Sowerby, and forms part of the Sowerby Collection (see
ante, p. 95).

Wall-case, No. 6 (c). — This space is occupied by an interest-
ing: series of rocks from various localities and horizons, all of
which have been bored by recent Molluscs such as Pholas,
Saxicava, &c.

Wall-caseNo. 7 is entirely devoted to a large collection of Tracks
and Markings , which may have been produced either by Molluscs,
Annelids, Crustacea, &c., and others by the agency of rain or
waves, and the atmosphere. Some of the finest examples are
known under the names of Harlania, Crossopodia, Arenicolites ,
Cruziana , &c., and were formerly considered to be organic
remains (such as Sponges, Plants, &c.).

Wall-cases Nos. 8-10 are occupied by a fine series of Foot-
prints and impressions mostly found in Sandstone of Triassic
age. Attention is directed to the large slab from near Greenfield,
Massachusetts, which is covered with impressions supposed to
be the footmarks of birds or bipedal reptiles; these tracks are
called “ Ichnites .”

The Cheirotherium footprints in Wall-case No. 10 are exceed-
ingly fine ; they occur chiefly in the Triassic Sandstones of
Cheshire (see woodcut).

Footprints and Saurians .

99

Fig. 94. — (A) Footprints of Chirosavrm B irtfii (h'aup, sp.), Bunter sandstone, Ifessberg,
near Hildburghausen, Germany (reduced) : (B) a single footprint (less reduced).

Wall-cases, Nos. 1 1-13, contain a continuation of the Saurian Col-
Saurian Collection. No. 31 is devoted to the Genus Plcsio- lectlon

saurus, Nos. 12 and 13 to Ichthyosaurus. Many of these speci-

8 2

100

Paramoudras and Cores.

Gallery,
No. 11.

Paramou

dras.

Specimens
of Cores.

mens having been figured and described by Hawkins, Sollas,
and others. In Wall-case, No. 13, is a very complete and
perfect specimen of Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris from the Lower
Lias of Street, Somersetshire, presented by Alfred Gillett, Esq.

Two fine examples of “Pot Stones,” or Paramoudras , are
exhibited between Wall-cases, Nos. 1 and 2. These curious
masses of Flint are from the LTpper Chalk of Horstead, Norfolk,
and were presented by John Gunn, Esq., F.G.S.

Between Wall-cases, Nos. 3 and 4, are placed two large cores
of Carboniferous Limestone from the Spinney boring, North-
ampton ; they were taken from a depth of 805 feet and 828 feet
respectively from the surface, and were presented by J. Eunson,
Esq., F.G.S.

Between Wall-cases, Nos. 4 and 5, is placed an example of
Wenlock Shale from the trial-boring at Ware, Hertfordshire,
at a depth of 825 feet from the surface, by the New River
Water Company in attempting to procure water for London.

PART IJ.

EXPLANATION OF PLAN.

REPTILIAN GALLERIES Nos. 3, 4, 5, AND GALLERIES
RUNNING NORTH, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11.

List of large objects placed on stands and in separate glazed
cases , distinguished on the Plan by a special letter.

Gallery No. 3.

T. Very large head of Ichthyosaurus (much crushed), from the Lias of

Lyme Regis.

U. Another nearly complete and well-preserved head of Ichthyosaurus

platyodon, from the Lias of Lyme Regis. Presented by F. Seymour
Haden, Esq.

V. Reproduction of a large head of Ichthyosaurus , the original preserved

in the hall of the Geological Society, Burlington House.

W. Coloured reproduction of Plesiosaurus Cramptoni. The original is from
the Lias (Alum Shale) of Whitby, Yorkshire; and is preserved in the
Science and Art Museum, Dublin.

Gallery No. 4.

X. Coloured cast of skeleton of Pelagosaurus typus, with all the bones

separate. The original from the Lias of Normandy.

Y. Nearly entire skeleton of Scelidosaurus Harrison i, from the Lower Lias

of Charmoutli, Dorset.

y. Skeleton of Hypsilophodon Foxii from the Wealden, Brixton, Isle of
Wbght.

Z. Restored model of Colossochclys atlas, a gigantic land-tortoise, from the

Siwalik Hills, India.

Z.Z. Skeleton of Pariasaurus from the Trias of South Africa.

a. Block of Limestone, from the “ Roach Bed,” Portland Oolite, Isle of
Portland.

a.a. Slab of Petworth Marble composed of the shells of Fivipara ( Palu -
dina ) , fiuviorum, Sussex.

102

EXPLANATION OE PLAN.

b. Specimens of silicified and opalized woods, from various localities.

c. Opalized or silicified trunk of an extinct Coniferous Tree ( Spondglos •

trobus). Discovered embedded in basaltic lava, probably of
Pliocene age, on the estate yf Richard Barker, Esq., Macquarie
Plains, New Norfolk, Tasmania. Presented by the Tasmanian
Commissioners for the 1851 Exhibition.

d. Two portions of the silicified trunks of Coniferous trees (Cedroxylon,

Kaup), from the Purbeck Bed, top of the Portland Oolite, Isle of
Portland.

d. d. A second trunk of Cedroxylon from same locality.

e. Portions of the stems of Sigillaria and of a Lycopodiaceous Tree

from the Coal Measures.

Enir'ance to
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DEPARTMENT OF

GEOLOGY and PALEONTOLOGY

m

* No.ll. V

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PLAN OF GALLERIES
EAST SIDE, GROUND FLOOR,

BRITISH MUSEUM,
(NATURAL HISTORY.)

No. i. S.E. Gallery — Fossil Mammalia.

2. Pavilion — Marsuflialia, Edentata , Birds.

3. East Corridor— Reptilia.

4. Reptilia and Amphibia.

5. West Corridor — Chelonia and Amphibia.

6. Fossil Fishes.

7. Cephalopoda and Ptcropoda.

8. Mollusca , Articulata , Echinodermata , etc.

9. Libraiy and Workroom. (Private .)

1 o. Coelenterata , Protozoa and Plants.

1 1. Type Collections 6° Stratigraphical Series.

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INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Aeantliodians

• ,

74

Arcbimedipora

79

Acanthometrina

, ,

88

Ardeosaurus

31

Acantbopbolis

8, 19

Argillocbelys antiqua

40

Acipenser

74

cuneiceps

41

Acipenseroidei

• •

74

Aethropoda

79

Acrodus

. .

CO

of

Aspidorhynclius

74

Acrolepis

• .

74

Asteracantlius

73

Acrosaurus . .

27

Asteeoidea

80

Actinocrini

• .

81

Astei-olepis . .

• 74

Actiuodon . .

• •

70

Astraeidae

84

latirostris

• •

70

Astrseospongidae

87

Actinopbryna

• •

88

Astrangia . .

84

Actinozoa . .

. .

82, 85

Astylospongia

87

Adriosaurus. .

, .

26

Atlantosaurus

9

iElurosaurus

, #

58

Aturia zic-zac

76

A. felinus

. .

58

Aulocopiim

87

Aistopoda . .

. ,

71

Aleyonaria . .

82, 83

Allosaurus . .

• •

16

Bacidites

76

Allosaurus fragilis . .

• .

13

Balanopbyllia

84

Amseba

. .

88

Baptanodon. .

35

Amblystoma

64

Batracbia . .

62

Amioidei

79

Baphetes

66

Ammonites . .

76, 77

Belemnite . .

76

Amphibia . .

# #

62

“ Beetles ” . .

79

Ampbilielia . .

84

Belodon Kapffii

6,7

Amphiumidje

63

Beloptera . .

76

Anchisauridhs

16

Beryx

74

Ancbisaurus

# #

16

Bird-footed . .

17

Anarthopoda

80

Bivalves

77

Anencbeluin

75

Blastoidea

80, 81

Anguidse

# #

26

Bombinator . .

62

Anguisaurus

27

Botbriceps ..

67

Annelida . .

77, 80

Huxleyi

67

Annulosa . .

• ,

79

Botbriospondylus . .

76

Anomodontia

53, 67

Bracbiopoda

77

Antbodon . .

, ,

60

Branchiosaueia . .

71

Antbracosauridee . .

• .

66

Brancbyops . .

67

Antbracosaurus

62, 66

Brander Collection. .

92

Apateonidae . .

71

“Brittle-stars”

80

.Apiocrinus elegans. .

81

Brontosaurus

11

Akachnida

, ,

79

excelsus

11, 12

Arcboegosaurus

62,

67, 68

Bowerbank Collection

96

Decbeni

68, 69

Bufavus

62

Araucarites

91

Bufo. .

63

Araucaryoxylon

• •

91

Gesneri

• •

63

104

INDEX.

PAGE.

Bufo viridis 63

Bufonidj- 63

Bythotrephis .. .. 91

Cacliuga tectum . . . . 39

Catamites . . . . 91

Calcispongise . . . . 87

Capitosaurus . . . . 66

Carchariidse . . . . 73

Careliarodon . . . . 73

Cardiocarpus . . . . 91

Caryopliyllia . . . . 84

Caturus . . . . . . 74

Candata . . . . . . 63

Cedroxylon . . . . . . 91

“ Centipedes ” . . . . 79

Ceplialaspis . . . . . . 74

Cephalopoda . . . . 75, 76

Ceraterpetum .. .. 70

Ceratites .. .. ..76,77

Ceratockelys . . . . 44

Ceratodus . . . . . . 74

Ceratosaurus . . . . 16

C. nasicornis . . . . 15

Ceratophrys cornutus . . 63

Cerit Ilium giganteum . . 78

Cestraciontidae . . . . 72, 73

Cetiosaurus . . . . . . 10

brevis . . 10

liumero-cristatus 10

longus . . . . 10

Cliama . . . . . . 78

Chara . . . . . . 90

Cheiracantlius .. .. 74

Chevrothevium . . . . 98

Chelone Benstedi . . . . 43

gigas . . . . 44

Hoffmanni . . 44

G'helonia . . . . . . 38

Chelotriton . . . . . . 64

Chelydosaurus .. .. 70

Chelytherium obscurum . . 45

Chimseroidei . . . . 72, 73

Chirodota . . . . . . 80

Chirolepis .. .. .. 74

Chondrites . . . . . . 90

Chondrosteus .. .. 74

Cimoliosaurus trochanterius 46

Ricliardsoni 46

Clepsydkopid.e .. .. 59

Clepsydrops. . . . . . 67

Cliona . . . . . . 88

Clupeidse .. .. .. 74

Clypeaster . . . . . . 81

Coccosteus .. .. .. 74

Coclileosaurus

“ Cockles ” . .

Coelacanthidee

Coelacanthus

CtELENTEEATA

Colossochelys atlas . .

COMPSOGNATHA

Compsognathus
Compsognnthus longipes
Conchiosaiirus clavatus
Conifers
Coniosaurus. .

Conularia . .

Conus

Corallium rubrum . .
Corallines
“ Corals ” . .

Cordaites
“ Crabs ” . .

Crinoidea . .

Cricotus
“ Crocodiles ”
Crocodilia. .

Crocodilus palustris

Spenceri

Crossopterygidse
Crossopodia . .

Crypto branchus

maximus
Scheuchzeri
Tschudii. .

Crustacea . .

Cruziana

Ctenacanthus

Ctenodus

“ Cuttlefishes ”

Cuvieria

Cyamodus . .

laticeps

Cycacls
CYSTOIDEA . .

PAGE.

70

77

74

74
82
42

15

16
15
52

90
26

77

78
83

79

75

91

. . 75, 80
.. 80, 81
67

1, 4, 6, 8

4

5

6
74
98

63

64

63

64
77, 80

98
72
74
75, 76
77

52

53
90, 91
80, 81

Dacosaurus . .

6

maximus

8

Dapedius

74

Davidson Collection

98

Dawsonia

71

Dendrophyllia

84

Desmopkyllum

84

Deuterosaurus

60

biarmicus . .

60

Diadectidje

60

Diadectes

60

Di branch iata

75

Dibunophyllum

85

Dictyograptus

86

INDEX. 105

Dicynodon . .

PAGE.

. . 55

lacerticeps

56

Dicynodontia

54

Dimorphodon macronyx

.. 3, 4

Dinosauria

8

Diplocynodon

6

Diplodocus . .

. . 9, 10

longus

9

Diplodus

73

Diplopterus. .

74

Diplospondylida? . .

67

Dipnoi

74

Dipterus

74

Dolichosaums longicolL.

27

Dolicliosoma

71

Dragon-flies

79

Earthworms

80

Ecaudata

62

Echinodon . .

24

Ecliino'idea . .

. . 80, 81

Echinodeehata . .

. . 77, 80

Edaphodontidse

73

Edwards Collection

97

Empedias molaris . .

. . 59, 60

Emys orbicularis . .

42

Euchirosaurus Rochei

165

Encrinurus . .

80

Encrinus

81

Endothiodon

56

Endothiodontkhe . .

56

Entrochus liliiformis

81

Eosaurus

67

Eosphargis gigas . .

44

Eozoon

89

Epicampodon

16

indie us

16

Eretmosaurus

50

Eryrops

70

Esox . .

74

Esocidae

74

Eugnathus . .

74

Extracrinus briareus

81

Hiemeri

81

Eenestella . .

79

Fern

90

“ Eishes ” . .

72

“Fish-Lizards ”

31

Flabellum . .

84

“ Flying Lizards ” . .

2, 4

Footprints . .

98

Foraminifera

88, 89

“Frog”

62

F ungidao

PAGE.

85

Fusulina

89

Galesaurid^f.

57

Galesaurus planiceps

57

Ganoidei ..

74

Gasteropoda

77

Gastronemus

74

Gaudrya

70

“ Gavials ” . .

6

Geosaurus

6

Gilbertson Collection

96

Glaridodon . .

60

Globigerinida

89

Glossopteris

.. 91

Glyptolepis . .

74

Goniaster . .

81

Goniatites . .

.. 76,77

Goniopholis. .

6, 8

Goniophyllum

84

Gorgonia

83

Graptolites . .

. . 85, 86

Graptolithin.e . .

. . 85

Gyracanthus

72

Gyrodus

74

Gyroptychius

74

Gvrosteus . .

74

Hardelli Thurgi

39

Harlania

98

Hatteria

29

Heiiarchon . .

64

Helodectes . .

60

Heliolites

83

Heterolepidotus

74

Hexactinellidse

87

Hippurites . .

78

Historical collections

92

Holophagus

74

Holoptychiidae

74

Holoptychius

74

Holothuroidea . .

. . 80, 82

Homoeosaurus armatus

12, 31, 74

Hoplopteryx

. . 75

Hyalea

77

Hyalonema

87

11 ybodontidse

. . 72, 73

Hybodus

72

IIydractinia

85

IIydrocorallinje

85

Hydroida

. . 85, 86

IIydrozoa . .

85

Hylaeochampsa

6

Hylscosaurus

8, 16, 20

Hylonomidee

70

106

INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Hylouomus

70

Leptacantlius

73

Hyolithes . .

7 1

Leptolepis . .

75

Hyperodapedon

30

Leptopleurus

31

Gordoni . . 30,

31

Libellulae

80

Huxleyi . .

31

Limnerpetum

70

Hypsilophodon Foxii

20

Lithistidse . .

87

Lituolida

89

“ Lizards ” . .

24

Ielinites .. .. 71,98,

93

“Lobsters”..

75,

80

Ichthyerpetum

G7

Logger-head Turl lo

44,

45

“ Icbtbyodondites ”

72

Lonsdaleia . .

84

lebtbyosauria

31

Lojihohelia . .

84

Ichthyosaurus . . . . G,

31

Loxomma Alima ni

66

communis . .

32

Lycosaurus . .

58

— Conybeari . .

36

— entheciodon

32

- intermedius

37

Macellodus . .

25

latifrons

33

Machimosaurus

6

• platyodon . .

35

Macromerium

67

trigonus

32

Macropoma . .

74

tenuirostris 35, 100

Madreporidoe

85

zetlandicus . .

33

“ Marsh Tortoise”. .

42

Iguanodon . .

20

Mastodonsaurus giganteus

64,

65

Bernissartcnsis 21,

23

Megalania . .

26

Mautelli

21

Megalichthys

74

Imperforata. .

89

Megalobatrachus . .

63

Insecta

77

Megalosaurus

16,

23

“Insects” ..

75

Bucklandi ..

14

Isis . .

83

Megalotriton

64

Melanerpetum

71

Mesosaurus tenuidens

52

Konig’s types

95

Metoposaurus

66

Metriorhxnchus

6

Micropholis. .

67

Labyrintliodonts

65

Microsauria. .

70

Labyrinthodontia

64

Miliolida

89

Labyrintliodonts . . G2, G5,

70

Millepora

86

Lacerta gigantea

8

Millepores . .

85

Lacertilia..

25

Millipedes . .

79

Laelaps

16

Miolania Oweni

43

aquilunguis

16

platyceps

44

Lagcnidse

89

Myliobatidoe

73

Lamellibranchiata

77

Mollusc a .. .. 75,

77,

78

Lamnidse

73

Molluscoida

78

Lampsliells . .

78

Monactinellidse

87

Land-tortoises . . . . 138

Monticulipora

83

Lariosaurus Balsanii . . 50,

52

Morosaurus . .

9

Latonia

63

Mosasauridae

27

Leiodon

28

Mosasaurus . .

28

Lenidodendron

91

Cam peri

29

Lepidophloios

91

prineeps

28

Lcpidostrobus

91

Myliobatidse

73

Lepidosiren . .

71

Myriacanthus

73

Lepidosteoidei . .

74

Myriapoda

79

Lepidotus . .

74

Myxospongice

86

Lcpidotosaurus Duffii

71

Nannosuchus

6

Lepterpetum

70

Naosaurus claviger . .

58

INDEX. 107

Nautilus .. .. , . 77

Nautilus (Aturia) zic-zac . . 76

Neuropteris .. .. 9 i

Neusticosaurus pusillus .. 52

“Newt” 02

Nicona tricarinata . . . . 40

Nothosaurus mirabilis .. 51,52

Notidanidse . . .. .. 73

Nttmmtjlitidje .. .. 89

Nuimnulites .. .. 89

Nutlietes destructor . . 24

Octopus . . . . . . 75

Oculinidse . . . . . 85

Omosaurus . . . . . . 16, 17

Omosaurus armatus . . 18

Ophiderpetuni . . . . 71

Ophidia . . . . . . 25

Ophiueoidea . . . . 80

Ophioderma Egertoui . . 81

Ophthalmosaurus . . . . 35

Oracanthus . . . . . . 72

Oreasters . . . . . . 81

Oenithopoda . . . . 17

Ornithopsis eucaiuerotus . . 12

Hulkei .. 10,12

Ortliomerus . . . . . . 23

Orthoceratites . . . . 77

Orthopleurosaurus . . . . 70

Osmeroides . . . . . . 75

Osteolepis .. .. .. 74

Oudenodon Baini . . . . 56

Oweniasuckus . . . . 6

Oxygnatlius . . . . 74

“ Oysters ” . . . . . . 75, 77

Pacbytbeca . . . . . . 91

Pal,eobateachid.e . . 63

Palseobatrachus . . . . 62

Palceohatteria . . . . 29

Palseopbis porcatus . . 25

toliapicus . . 25

typkaeus . . 25

Palaeopteris . . . . 91

Paradoxides . . . . 80

Paramoudras . . . . 100

Paleryx depressus . . . . 25

— rbombifer . . . . 25

Paluclina . . . . . . 78

Paper-Nautilus . . . . 75

Paradoxides . . . . 80

Pariasauria . . . . 60

Pariasaurus serridens . . 61

Parkeria . . . . . . 86

PAGE.

Pear-encrinites

81

Pearly Nautilus

75, 76

Pecopteris . .

91

Pelagosaurus typus. .

6, 8

Pelobates

62

Pelobatochelys

45

Peloneustes pbilarclius

47, 48

Pelorosaurus

]2

Pentacrinites

81

Perea

75

*• Percb ” . .

75

Percidae

75

Petros uch us

6

Pbacops

80

Pharetrones

87

Phillips Collection . .

96

Plioladomya

78

Pbolas

98

Pholidophorus

74

Pliolidosaurus

6

Phytosaurus cylindricodon

7

Pike

75

Pisces

72

Placoderms . .

74

Placodontia

52

Placodus gigas

53

Plagiostomi

72, 73

Plants

90

Platanus

90

Platycarpus . .

27

Platy carpus curtirostris

28

Platyclielys oberndorferi

42

Platysomidse

74

Platysomus . .

74

Plesiochelys valdensis

41

Plesiosaueia

47, 99

PLESIOSAUEIDiE ..

47

Plesiosaurus Cramp toni

50

dolicliodirus

47

Hawkinsii

48

laticeps

50

macrocephalus

50

robiistus

50

Pleuracantbus

73

Pleuracan tli idee

73

Pleurosaurus

27, 31

Pleurosternum B ullocki

40

Pleurotomaria

78

Pliosaurus . .

50

Polacanthus

8, 16, 20

Polycystina . .

88

Polyptychodon interrupti

s

48

Polyzoa

77, 79

Poritidse

85

Peocolophonia . .

54

Procolophon

54

Propappus . .

60

108

INDEX

page.

PAGE.

Proteidse

62

Saurosternon

• .

31

Protopelobates

63

Saxicava

• •

98

Protopteris . .

74

Scaphaspis . .

• •

74

Proto rosaurus Speneri

31

Scelidosauridae

17

Protospongia

87

Scelidosaurus Harrisoni

• •

19

Protozoa . .

88

Scombridse . .

• •

75

Protritonidse

71

“Scorpions”

• •

79

Protriton

71

“ Sea- Anemones ” ..

• •

82

Psephoderma alpinum

45

Sea-mats

• •

79

anglicum

45

“Sea-urchins”

• *

75, 80

Psilophyton. .

91

Seeleya

• V

70

Pteraspis

74

Selachians . .

. .

72

Pterichthys . .

74

Semionotus . .

. .

74

Pterodactyles

1

Serpents

• •

24

Pterodactylus antiquus

3

Sigillaria

• •

91

spectabilis

2

“Sharks” ..

• •

72

Pteranodon

.. 3,4

Silicified wood

• •

102

longiceps

3

Silicispongise

. •

87

Pteropoda

.. 4,77

Sloane Collection . .

. •

92

Pterosauria

1

Slow-wonns. .

, ,

26

Pterygotus . .

80

Smerdis

. •

75

Pygoptcrus . .

74

Smith, W. Collection

94

Pythonomorph a ..

27

“Snails”

• .

7o,7/

“Snakes” ..

• •

1, 24

Solaster Moretonis . .

• •

81

Radiolaria

88

Sowerby Collection

, .

95, 98

Raiidiae

73

Sparagmites. .

• •

70

Rana

62

Sparodus

71

Receptaculitidse

87

Sphenodon . .

. •

29

“ Red Coral ”

83

Sphenonclius

• .

72

Reptilia . .

1

Sphenopteris

. •

91

Rhabdopleura

86

Sphenotrochus

. •

84

Rhamphorhynehus. .

2

Sphenosaurus

• •

70

• Muensteri 1

“ Spiders ” . .

. •

79

Rhamphosuclius

6

“ Spirula ” . .

• •

75, 76

Rhinobat-us bugesiacus

73

Spirulirostra

• •

76

Rhinochelys Cantabrigiensis 40

Sponges

• •

86

Rhinosaurus

. . 65

Spongida . .

. #

86

Ricnodon

70

Squaloraia polys pondyla

• •

72

Khizodontidse

74

Squamata

* *

24

Rhizodus

74

Squatinidse . .

• •

73

Rhynchocephalia

. . 29, 36

“ Squids ” . .

• •

75, 76

Rhynchosaurus articeps

. . 29, 30

Stagonolepis

• •

6

Rhytidosteus

70

“Starfishes”

• •

80

Rotalidae

89

Stegosaurus . .

• •

17

Rugosa

. . 85

stenops

• •

18

ungulatus

• •

17

Stellaster Sliarpii . .

• •

81

“ Salamander ”

.. 62,63

Stemmatopteris

• •

91

“ Salmon ” . .

. . 75

Steneosaurus

• •

6

Salmonidee . .

. . 75

Heberti

• •

7

Sapheosaurus

31

Stigmaria . .

• •

91

Sandworms . .

80

Stoliczkaria . .

• •

86

Saurillus

25

“Stone-lilies”

• •

80, 81

Saurodipteridee

74

Stratigraphical Series

• •

92

Sauropoda . .

9

Stromatopora

• •

86

Sauropterygia . .

. . 45

| Strophodus magnus

• •

73

INDEX. 109

PAGE.

Stropliodus tenuis

73

“Sturgeon”

74

Synapta

82

Syringospliseria

86

TAPINOCEPTIALID.R

56

Tapinocephalus Al l \ erst on i

57

Teleosaurus

5, 6

Teleostei . .

75

Teleidosaurus

6

Telerpeton . .

31

Teratosaurus

16

Terebratula

77

Tetrabranchiata

75

Tetractinellidse

87

Textulariidse

89

Thalassicollida

88

Thaiassochelys caretta

44

Thaumatosaurus indicus . .

47

Theca

77

Thecodontosaurus platyodon

16, 17

Theriodontia

56

Theriosuchus pusillus

6, 8

Theropoda . .

13

“Thread -fin”

75

Tlirissops

75

Titanosuchus

56

“ Toad ”

62

Tomistoma. .

8

Torpedinidse

73

“ Tortoises ”

1, 38

Tracts

98

Trachodon

23

T. cantabrigiensis . .

23

T. Foulki

23

Tree ferns

91

Trigonia

78

Trilobites

80

PAGE.

Trimcrorachis

67

Trimerorhachis

70

Trionyx gergensi

38

Tristichopterus

74

“ Trout ” . .

75

Tubeworms . .

80

Tubipora

83

Turrilites

76

“Turtles” ..

.. 1,38

Type-collections

92

Univalves ..

77

Urocordylus

70

Yaginella

77

Yaranidse

26

Yaranus bengalensis

26

sivalensis . .

26

Yivipara paludina . .

78

Yoluta

78

Williamsonia

91

Whale-lizard

10

Whelks

77

Winged-lizards

1

Wood, S. Y., Collection

97

Worms

75

Zamia

90

Zoantbaria aporosa

85

rugosa . .

85

perforata

. . 85

sclerobasica

82, 83, 84

sclerodermata

. . 85

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, 3.W.

CATALOGUES.

ZOO LOG Y.

Heport on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean
during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘Alert,’ 1881-82. 1884, 8vo. £1 10-*.,

pp. xxv., 684 ; 54 Plates.

Mammals.

Catalogue of Bones of Mammalia. 1862, 8vo. 5*.

- Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-Eating Bats. 1870, Svo. 4s
Woodcuts.

9

Carnivorous Mammalia. 1869, 8vo. 6s. 6cl Woodcuts.

Seals and Whales. 2nd edition, 1866, 8vo. 8s. Woodcuts.

Supplement, 1871, Svo. 2s. 6d. Wood-

cuts.

Li>t of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department. 1885
Svo. Is. 6d. ' ’

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia ( Pecora ). 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6c/.

Marsupialia and Monotremata. 1888, Svo. £1 8s. Phtes.

Birds.

Catalogue of ' Birds. Vok III.-XIV. 1877-88, Svo. 14».-28». Coloured
Plates. [V ols. I. and II. out of print.]

Reptiles and Batrachians.

Catalogue of Chelonians, Rhyncliocephalians, and Crocodiles. 1889, 8vo.
15s. Woodcuts and Plates.

Gigantic Land-Tortoises. 1877, 4to. .£1 10s. Plates.

Catalogue of Lizards. 2nd edition, Vol. I. 1885, 8vo. 20s. Plates.

- Vol. II. 1885, 8 vo. 20s. Plates.

Vol. III. 1887, 8 vo. 26s. Plates.

Colubrine Snakes. 1858-, 12mo. 4s.

Batrachia Salientia. 1858, 8vo. 6s. Plates.

— — Batrachia Salientia. 2nd edition, 1882, 8vo. £\ 10s. Plates.

— Batrachia Gradientia. 2nd edition, 1882, 8vo. 9s. Plates.

►

Fishes.

Catalogue of Fishes, Yols. II.-VIII. 1861-70, 8vo. 7s.-10s. 6 d. [Vol. I.
out of print.]

Lepidopterous Insects.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera. Parts
I. -VII., 1877-89. 4to. 40s.-50s. Coloured Plates. [Pts. II. and IV.
out of print.]

Palaeontology.

Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia. Parts J.- V r . 1885-87, 8vo. 4s.-6s.
Woodcuts.

Fossil Beptilia and Amphibia. Parts I.-1II.* 1888-89, 8vo.,

7s. Qd. each. Woodcuts.

— Fossil Fishes. Part I. 1889, 8vo. 21s. Woodcuts and

Plates.

— Fossil Cephalopoda. Parti. 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6c/. Woodcuts.

British Fossil Crustacea. 1877. 8vo., 5s.

Blastoidea. 1886, 4to. 25s. Plates.

Fossil Sponges. 1883, 4to. 30s. Plates.

Fossil Foraminifera. 1882, Svo. 5s.

Palceozoic Plants. 1886, 8vo. 5s.

The above catalogues can be obtained at the Natural History Museum,
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Longmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row; Mr. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly ;
Messrs. Asher & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Corent Garden; and Messrs.
Trubner & Co., 57, Litigate Hill, London.

# Part IV. will be ready for issue in May, 1890.

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GUIDE-BOOKS.

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History). Plans
and Views of the Building. 8vo. 3d.

Zoological Department.

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia. 57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. 8vo.
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Gould Collection of Humming Birds. With Map. 8vo. 2d.

Gallery of Reptilia. 22 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 2d.

Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes. 101 Woodcuts and 1 Plan.

8vo. 6c?.

Shell and Star fish Galleries. 51 Woodcuts and 1 Plan.

8vo. 4c?.

Geological Department.

Guide to the Department of Geology and Palaeontology. Part I., Fossil
Mammals and Birds. 116 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 6a?.

Part II., Fossil Reptiles, &c

94 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 6o?.

Fossil Fishes. 81 Woodcuts. 8vo. 4c7.

Mineral Department.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery. Plan. 8vo., la?.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the Mineral
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An Index to the Collection of Minerals. 8vo. 2c?.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the Meteorites
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The above guide-books can be obtained at the Natural History Museum,
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